People v. Hicks

• Decision Date: 04 April 1984
• Docket Number: 58186,Nos. 58140,s. 58140
• Citation: 462 N.E.2d 473,101 Ill.2d 366,78 Ill.Dec. 354
• Parties: , 78 Ill.Dec. 354 The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Appellant and Appellee, v. James HICKS, Jr., Appellee and Appellant.
• Court: Illinois Supreme Court

Page 473

462 N.E.2d 473

101 Ill.2d 366, 78 Ill.Dec. 354

The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Appellant and Appellee, v. James HICKS, Jr., Appellee and Appellant.

Nos. 58140, 58186.

Supreme Court of Illinois.

April 4, 1984.

Robert J. Agostinelli, Deputy State Appellate Defender, Gary Hicks, Asst. State Appellate Defender, Ottawa, for appellee and appellant.

Neil F. Hartigan, Atty. Gen., Mark L. Rotert, Marcia L. Friedl, Asst. Attys. Gen., Chicago, John Y. Breslin, Deputy Director Kenneth A. Wilhelm, Staff Atty. State Attys. Appellate Service Com'n, Ottawa, for appellant and appellee; Edward Petka, State's Atty., Will County, Joliet, of counsel.

UNDERWOOD, Justice:

The charges involved in this criminal case originated with the filing of a delinquency petition in the circuit court of Will County against 15-year-old James Hicks, Jr. The matter was subsequently transferred to the adult division for prosecution of Hicks as an adult (Ill.Rev.Stat.1979, ch. 37, par. 702-7(3)), and he was indicted on various charges including deviate-sexual assault, rape and heinous battery. He was found guilty of these offenses in a jury trial and later sentenced to a term of 20 years' imprisonment for rape, a consecutive 20-year term on the deviate-sexual-assault conviction, and a concurrent 20 year term for the heinous battery. On appeal, the appellate court reduced the heinous-battery conviction to aggravated battery and remanded the cause to the circuit court for resentencing on that offense. In all other respects the appellate court affirmed. (112 Ill.App.3d 303, 68 Ill.Dec. 610, 446 N.E.2d 516.) We allowed the petitions of both the State and the defendant for leave to appeal.

The State argues that the appellate court erred in reducing the defendant's conviction of heinous battery to aggravated battery. The defendant urges affirmance of this reduction to aggravated battery, but claims that such reduction requires remand for resentencing on all convictions, not merely the conviction which has been reduced. The defendant also claims that the trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentences because the trial court did not specifically find, nor does the record show, that such a sentence was necessary to protect the public as is required by the applicable sentencing statute.

The facts are not disputed in this court. During the afternoon of March 19, 1981, the nine-year-old victim (Erica) was alone in her family's apartment practicing her violin. She became hungry and placed hot dogs in a pan of water, putting the pan on the stove. While the pan was heating, Erica heard a knock at the apartment door. She answered the door and found standing there an individual whom she later identified as the defendant.

After Erica, in response to defendant's questions, disclosed that she was alone, the defendant entered the apartment. He located a knife which he used to repeatedly scrape across her neck. He then forced her into her bedroom, where he made her remove her pants. After unsuccessfully attempting to force his penis into her vagina, the defendant forced his penis into Erica's mouth. Her next recollection was awakening on her parents' bed in pain, with her sweater wet. The pan in which she was cooking the hot dogs was in her room on the floor near the bed. The hot dogs remained in the otherwise empty pan.

The medical testimony established that Erica had been beaten about the face, bruised and repeatedly cut about the throat, and that a blunt object had been thrust into her mouth, throat and pubic area. Her body had been severely burned, primarily on her chest, abdomen and upper right arm. The burns destroyed Erica's right breast bud, and perhaps the left one, also, and required substantial debridement and skin grafting. The result has been considerable permanent discoloration, scarring and disfigurement. The burns had been caused by a liquid substance, and the clear inference from the evidence was that boiling water from the pan being used to cook the hot dogs had been poured over Erica's upper body.

The appellate court held that as a matter of law these facts do not constitute heinous battery as defined in the applicable statute. The pertinent section provides:

"A person who, in committing a battery, knowingly causes severe and permanent disability or disfigurement by means of a caustic substance commits heinous battery." (Ill.Rev.Stat.1979, ch. 38, par. 12-4.1(a).)

There is no dispute that a battery was committed which resulted in severe and permanent disability and disfigurement. The question is whether boiling water as here involved constitutes a "caustic" substance within the meaning of the statute.

We note, initially, that this issue was not specifically presented by the defendant in the trial court. While the sufficiency of the evidence was generally raised in defendant's post-trial motion, that motion did not advise the trial court of the contention now made. To the contrary, at no time during the trial did defendant question the applicability of the heinous-battery statute to these facts. Erica's primary treating physician testified without objection that her burns had been caused by a caustic substance and that in his professional opinion boiling water is a caustic substance. Instead of the issue now raised, the defense focused upon the identity of the assailant.

It is well established that issues not raised in the trial court are generally considered waived on appeal. (See, e.g., People v. Garcia (1983), 97 Ill.2d 58, 86, 73 Ill.Dec. 414, 454 N.E.2d 274; People v. Holloway (1981), 86 Ill.2d 78, 91, 55 Ill.Dec. 546, 426 N.E.2d 871.) In analogous circumstances, this court has refused to accept a defendant's contention that a weapon was not a machine gun as defined by a criminal statute when it had been treated as such throughout the trial proceedings. (People v. McMahon (1934), 359 Ill. 97, 98-99, 194 N.E. 233.) Consequently, we would be justified in finding that this issue has been waived. However, because the waiver issue was not urged by the State in the appellate court, and because the issue may involve an essential element of the prosecution, we address it on the merits. See 73 Ill.2d R. 615(a); People v. Walker (1955), 7 Ill.2d 158, 130 N.E.2d 182 (the State's failure to prove an essential element can be raised for first time on appeal).

The offense of heinous battery was created relatively recently in conjunction with the enactment of substantial revisions of the criminal laws of Illinois, commonly referred to as Class X legislation. We have thoroughly reviewed the legislative history of this enactment and have found no guidance to assist us in our determination of whether boiling water is intended to qualify as a caustic substance under the terms of this statute.

We find the best indication of the breadth of the statute to be the definition of the word "caustic" itself. Where the terms of a statute are not defined by the legislature, courts will assume that they were intended to have their ordinary and popularly understood meanings, unless doing so would defeat the perceived legislative intent. (See, e.g., People v. Fink (1982), 91 Ill.2d 237, 240, 62 Ill.Dec. 935, 437 N.E.2d 623.) Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines "caustic," as pertinent here, as follows:

"[C]apable of destroying the texture of anything or eating away its substance by chemical action: corrosive: as (a): capable of destroying animal or other organic tissue * * * (b): strongly alkaline." (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 356 (1971).)

Significantly, it is also indicated that the word caustic is of Latin and Greek derivation, the original words meaning "to burn."

There can be no dispute that Erica was, in fact, burned and that her body's tissue was destroyed. However, the defendant seeks to distinguish between burns caused by thermal action, such as those here, and those caused by chemical action, defined by the defendant as burns caused by acids. The defendant argues that boiling-water burns by thermal as opposed to chemical action, and thus does not qualify as a caustic substance under the terms of the statute. However, "chemical action" as used in the definition of caustic is defined as the "molecular change produced in any substance through the action of heat, light, electricity, or another chemical." (Emphasis added.) (Blackiston's Gould Medical Dictionary 257 (4th ed. 1979).) Thus, the distinction between thermal burns and other burns relied upon by the defendant as an integral part of his claim is a distinction without a difference under the circumstances here. Burns caused by heat, as well as those caused by other means, are the result of chemical action.

Our conclusion is even more strongly supported by other definitions of "caustic," such as Funk & Wagnall's New Comprehensive International Dictionary 221 (Encyclopedic Ed.1977) which defines "caustic" simply as "capable of corroding or eating away tissues; burning; corrosive," without reference to the source of the injury. Certainly this definition encompasses boiling water.

While we concede that the heinous-battery statute could have been more clearly drafted to specifically address the distinction here highlighted, we do not believe the legislature's failure to do so obscures the purpose and application of the statute under these circumstances. We believe it clear that boiling water is included within the statutory context as a caustic substance, and thus the defendant was properly convicted and sentenced under the heinous-battery section. Accordingly, the appellate court erred in reducing this conviction to one of aggravated battery. In view of this holding, it is unnecessary for us to consider the defendant's contention that he is entitled to be resentenced on all counts herein.

Finally, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentences under these circumstances because the sentencing court did...