People v. Mack

Decision Date21 September 2010
Citation76 A.D.3d 877,908 N.Y.S.2d 181
PartiesThe PEOPLE of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Jason MACK, Defendant-Respondent.
CourtNew York Supreme Court — Appellate Division

Robert M. Morgenthau, District Attorney, New York (Marc Krupnick of counsel), for appellant.

Alice L. Fontier, New York, for respondent.

ANDRIAS, J.P., CATTERSON, RENWICK, DeGRASSE, MANZANET-DANIELS, JJ.

Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Renee A. White, J.), entered on or about February 17, 2009, which, upon an inspection of grand jury minutes, granted defendant's motion to dismiss an indictment charging sexual abuse in the first degree, affirmed.

Defendant was charged with sexual abuse in the first and third degrees under a prior indictment. By the first-degree sexual abuse count it was alleged that on March 22, 2002 defendant subjected another to sexual contact by forcible compulsion.1 Upon defendant's motion and after inspecting the grand jury minutes, the court reduced the first-degree sexual abuse charge to another charge of third-degree sexual abuse. The court based its determination upon a finding that the evidence was insufficient to establish the element of forcible compulsion. The case based on the March 22, 2002 incident was resubmitted to a new grand jury and defendant was again charged with first-degree sexual abuse by way of the instant one-count indictment. This appeal stems from the court's dismissal of the indictment on the same ground, i.e., insufficient evidence of forcible compulsion.2

It is alleged that defendant rubbed his penis against the then 14-year old complainant's lower back while standing behind her on a crowded subway car. The complainant testified that she felt "weird movements" which stopped each of the three times she turned around. She "kind of figured it was just because the train was moving really fast and it was really crowded." When asked if she tried to get away from defendant, the complainant further testified that she couldn't because the train was crowded and seats were to her immediate right. The complainant also gave the following testimony: "I felt the movement. I didn't know actually what was going on until I was ready to leave the train, and I pulled my sleeve down and I wiped myself and I noticed that there was semen on my jeans and on my coat."

The standard on a motion to dismiss an indictment on the ground that the evidence before the grand jury was not legally sufficient to establish the offense charged is whether there was "competent evidence which, if accepted as true, would establish every element of an offense charged and the defendant's commissionthereof" ( People v. Warner-Lambert Co., 51 N.Y.2d 295, 298-299, 434 N.Y.S.2d 159, 414 N.E.2d 660 [1980], cert. denied 450 U.S. 1031, 101 S.Ct. 1742, 68 L.Ed.2d 227 [1981]; CPL 70.10[1] ). Forcible compulsion, as an element of a sex offense, means"(a) use of physical force; or (b) a threat, express or implied, which places a person in fear of immediate death or physical injury to himself, herself or another person, or in fear that he, she or another person will immediately be kidnapped" (Penal Law § 130.00[8] ). The People posit that defendant used "physical force and threat of force" to commit the act of sexual abuse. We thus assume that the People have invoked both statutory theories.

While the conduct described in the grand jury presentation was reprehensible, the evidence was legally insufficient to establish the use of physical force. Instead, it established the use of stealth to commit the crime. We base this conclusion upon the complainant's testimony that defendant stopped making the movements each time she turned around as well as her testimony that she did not know what had occurred until she discovered the semen on her clothing. Citing People v. Del Campo, 281 A.D.2d 279, 722 N.Y.S.2d 148 [2001], lv. denied 97 N.Y.2d 640, 735 N.Y.S.2d 497, 761 N.E.2d 2 [2001], the People argue that defendant used physical force by pinning the complainant in the crowded subway car so that she could not move. Del Campo is plainly distinguishable because the defendant in that case forcibly limited his victim's freedom of movement by lifting her off the ground ( id.). That is a far cry from the furtive behavior described by the complainant in this case. We, therefore, reject the People's theory that legally sufficient evidence of physical force was presented to the grand jury.

Equally unavailing is the theory that defendant used his superior size and age to intimidate the complainant. Although the complainant testified in conclusory fashion that she felt threatened, the grand jury was not presented with detailed facts to support the claim ( cf. People v. Mirabal, 278 A.D.2d 526, 527, 717 N.Y.S.2d 404 [2000] ). More to the point, the grand jury heard no evidence from which it could have been inferred that the complainant was placed in fear of immediate death, physical injury or kidnapping as required by Penal Law § 130.00(8).

All concur except ANDRIAS, J.P. and CATTERSON, J. who dissent in a memorandum by CATTERSON, J. as follows:

CATTERSON, J. (dissenting).

In my opinion, the evidence in this case may not be sufficient to convict the defendant after trial. However, the evidence presented to the grand jury was nonetheless legally sufficient to establish the element of forcible compulsion, and hence the court erred in reducing the charge of first-degree sexual abuse. Therefore, I respectfully dissent. The Courtof Appeals has held that, when reviewing the dismissal of an indictment, the standard of "legally sufficient means prima facie, not proof beyond a reasonable doubt." See People v. Mayo, 36 N.Y.2d 1002, 1004, 374 N.Y.S.2d 609, 609, 337 N.E.2d 124, 124 (1975). The Court has also held that, an indictment cannot be dismissed merely because there may not be sufficient evidence to establish the defendant's guilt at trial. In People v. Jennings, 69 N.Y.2d 103, 114, 512 N.Y.S.2d 652, 657, 504 N.E.2d 1079, 1084 (1986), the Court held that in granting dismissal of the indictments, the reviewing Justice had erroneously applied a higher standard than required to determine whether the People's evidence was sufficient.

In this case, two grand juries on two separate occasions handed up indictments on the count of first-degree sexual abuse after hearing, inter alia, testimony that the defendant purposely chose subways at rush hour when he was able to "rub upagainst women ... while [the train] was crowded."

According to the testimony elicited in the second grand jury presentation, the 14-year-old victim was on a crowded subway train when she felt defendant making strange movements behind her and touching her lower back. Each time she turned around to look at defendant, he would temporarily stop moving. She tried to move away from defendant, but was unable to do so because seats and other passengers were in her way. After the incident was over, she found semen (subsequently linked to defendant) on her clothing. The defendant, 29 years old at the time of the incident, was 5'9? tall, and weighed at least 300 pounds-approximately twice the victim's weight and seven inches taller than she.

In a prior order, not at issue on appeal, the court reduced the charge of first-degree sexual abuse to third-degree sexual abuse. The People re-presented the case to the grand jury and obtained a new indictment for first-degree sexual abuse. The court dismissed the indictment on the ground that the evidence was insufficient to establish the element of forcible compulsion.

Pursuant to CPL 70.10(1), "[l]egally sufficient evidence" is defined as: "competent evidence, which, if accepted as true, would establish every element of an offense charged." Pursuant to Penal Law § 130.65, "[a] person is guilty of sexual abuse in the first degree when he or she subjects another person to sexual contact: 1.[b]y forcible compulsion." It is uncontested that the defendant subjected the victim to sexual contact. " 'Sexual contact' means any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person not married to the actor for the purpose of gratifying sexual desire of either party ... [i]nclud[ing] the touching of ... the victim by the actor, whether directly or through clothing." (Penal Law § 130.00[3] ).

Further, " 'forcible compulsion' means to compel by either: a. use of physical force; or b. a threat, express or implied, which places a person in fear of immediate death or physical injury to himself, herself or another person, or in fear that he, she or another person will immediately be kidnapped." (Penal Law § 130.00[8] ). In my opinion, the evidence presented to the grand jury was sufficient to establish that the defendant used physical force.

Evidence presented to a grand jury must be viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution and questions regarding the weight or quality of the evidence should be deferred. See People v. Swamp, 84 N.Y.2d 725, 730, 622 N.Y.S.2d 472, 474, 646 N.E.2d 774, 776 (1995). The prosecution merely has to establish a prima facie case, not proof beyond a reasonable doubt. See id. The possibility that alternative conclusions may be drawn from the facts is irrelevant "as long as the [g]rand [j]ury could rationally have drawn the guilty inference." People v. Deegan, 69 N.Y.2d 976, 979, 516 N.Y.S.2d 651, 652, 509 N.E.2d 345, 346 (1987).

Although mere touching does not rise to the level of physical force contemplated by the Penal Law, an act has been held to be forcible if it limits the victim's freedom of movement. See People v. Del Campo, 281 A.D.2d 279, 722 N.Y.S.2d 148 (1st Dept.2001), lv. denied, 97 N.Y.2d 640, 735 N.Y.S.2d 497, 761 N.E.2d 2 (2001) (finding the act of...

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