People v. Rosenheimer

Citation209 N.Y. 115,102 N.E. 530
PartiesPEOPLE v. ROSENHEIMER.
Decision Date17 June 1913
CourtNew York Court of Appeals

OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE

Appeal from Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department.

Edward T. Rosenheimer was indicted for a violation of the Highway Law. A judgment sustaining a demurrer to the indictment was affirmed by the Appellate Division, First Department (146 App. Div. 875,130 N. Y. Supp. 544), and the People appeal. Reversed, and demurrer overruled.Charles S. Whitman, Dist. Atty., of New York City (Robert C. Taylor, of New York City, of counsel), for the People.

Gilbert D. Lamb, of New York City, for respondent.

CULLEN, C. J.

The defendant was indicted for violating subdivision 3 of section 290 of the Highway Law, being chapter 374, Laws of 1910, which enacts: ‘3. Punishment * * * for going away without stopping after accident and making himself known. * * * Any person operating a motor vehicle, who, knowing that injury has been caused to a person or property, due to the culpability of the said operator, or to accident, leaves the place of said injury or accident, without stopping and giving his name, residence, including street and street number, and operator's license number to the injured party, or to a police officer, or in case no police officer is in the vicinity of the place of said injury or accident, then reporting the same to the nearest police station, or judicial officer, shall be guilty of a felony punishable by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or by both such fine and imprisonment.’ The demurrer was sustained by the courts below (in the Appellate Division by a divided court) on the ground that the statute was unconstitutional as in violation of section 6, article 1, of the Constitution of the state, which provides that no person shall ‘be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself,’ and this is the only question presented by this appeal.

Similar statutes have been passed in other states, and it has been literally reproduced in the laws of the state of Missouri. The theory on which the learned trial judge proceeded was that the statute in effect required the person operating the motor to furnish evidence tending to prove him guilty of a crime, for if the injury to a person was the result of the culpable negligence of the operator, the latter was guilty either of an assault or of a homicide, depending on whether the injuries inflicted were fatal or not. The indictment contained two counts, the first charging the injury to persons named therein to be due to the defendant's culpability; the second, that it was due to accident .

[1][2] A demurrer must lie, if at all, to the whole of an indictment. The second count negatives any criminality on the part of the defendant, thus charging a case in which the defendant would not be liable for any criminal prosecution. However, in my opinion, the statute does not provide for two offenses, or provide for an offense being committed in two different ways. The object of the provision, ‘Knowing that injury has been caused to a person or property due to the culpability of said operator or to an accident,’ is to make the statute more clearly applicable to all cases however caused than would be apparent if these words were omitted. The question then is whether a statute which requires a person to report the happening of an occurrence which may, though not necessarily must, involve a crime on his part is a violation of the constitutional provision referred to.

[3] The statute does not require the operator of the motor vehicle to state the circumstances of the occurrence tending to show his responsibility, but merely to stop and identify himself . Undoubtedly it does require him to make known a fact which will be a like in the chain of evidence to convict him of crime, if in fact he has been guilty of one. Whether the compulsory furnishing of such a link is a constitutional violation may be questioned. The learned judge who wrote for the minority of the Appellate Division has presented in his opinion a very strong argument in support of the proposition that the statute is a valid exercise of the police power apart from considerations of the peculiar character of a motor car. Since the decision of this case in the Appellate Division the question has been presented to the Supreme Court of Missouri which, in a very forceful opinion, adopted the view entertained by the judges who dissented in this case in preference to that of the majority. Ex parte Kneedler, 243 Mo. 632, 147 S. W. 983,40 L. R. A. (N. S .) 622. In the opinion of the learned court of Missouri reference is made to statutory enactments, at least partially similar in principle to that before us, the validity of which has either been upheld by the courts or has never been questioned. At to motor vehicles, laws requiring the registry of the names of their owners and chauffeurs and the display of the numbers of the vehicles in a conspicuous place thereon for the very purpose of identifying the car and the person operating it have been upheld. People v. Schneider, 139 Mich. 673, 103 N. W. 172,69 L. R. A. 345,5 Ann. Cas. 790. See Frankford v. City of Philadelphia, 58 Pa. 119, 98 Am. Dec. 242;St. Louis v. Williams, 235 Mo. 503, 139 S. W. 340. Physicians are required to report deaths and their causes, druggists the sale of poisons, and failure to comply with these requirements is made a misdemeanor. Penal Law (Consol. Laws 1909, c. 40) § 1743; Public Health Law (Consol. Laws 1909, c. 45) § 235. Labor Law (Sonsol. Laws 1909, c. 31) § 87, requires a person in charge of any factory to report to the commissioner of labor all deaths, accidents, or injuries, and the details thereof. Compliance with any of these statutory regulations may, in the case of the commission of a crime by the person who is required to make the certificate or registry, prove an important factor in leading to his detection; but this is not sufficient to render the legislation invalid. Whether, as claimed by the respondent's counsel, the statute before us goes so much further in the way of self-incrimination as to render the illustrations referred to inapplicable, it is not necessary to definitely determine.

There is one ground upon which, in my opinion, the validity of the statute can be safely placed. The Legislature might prohibit altogether the use of motor vehicles upon the highways or streets of the state. It has been so held in State v. Mayo, 106 Me. 62, 75 Atl. 295,29 L. R. A. (N. S.) 502,20 Ann. Cas. 512, and Commonwealth v. Kingsbury, 199 Mass. 542, 85 N. E. 848,127 Am. St. Rep. 513. Doubtless the Legislature could not prevent citizens from using the highways in the ordinary manner, nor would the mere fact that the machine used for the movement of persons or things along the highway was novel justify its exclusion. But the right to use the highway by any person must be exercised in a mode consistent with the equal rights of others to use the highway. That the motor vehicle, on account of its size and weight, of its great power and of the great speed which it is capable of attaining, creates, unless managed by careful and competent operators, a most serious danger, both to other travelers on the highway and to the occupants of the vehicles themselves, is too clearly a matter of common knowledge to justify discussion. The fatalities caused by them are so numerous as to permit the Legislature, if it deemed it wise, to wholly forbid their use. Otis v. Parker, 187 U. S. 606, 23 Sup. Ct. 168, 47 L. Ed. 323;People v. Persce, 204 N. Y. 397, 97 N. E . 877. If the Legislature may declare it a crime to use a motor vehicle on the highway under any circumstances, I do not see why it may not equally declare it a crime to so use such a vehicle as to injure any one in person or property. That, in effect, is a diminution, not an increase, of the criminality it had the power to attribute to the use of a motor vehicle. The provision now before us is but a still further diminution of the statutory inhibition the Legislature would be authorized to enact. It does not declare it a crime to operate an automobile on the highway, or even that in its operation injury to persons or property shall be a crime but only that failure by the operator, in case of such injury, to identify himself shall be criminal. I cannot see why the greater power does not include the less. Of course, the whole of this argument rests on the proposition that in operating a motor vehicle the operator exercises a privilege which might be denied him, and not a right, and that in a case of a privilege the Legislature may prescribe on what conditions it shall be exercised. This principle was recognized by us in the case of Ives v. South Buffalo Ry. Co., 201 N. Y. 271, 94 N. E. 431, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 162, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 156 . In that case we conceded that in a work of such a nature that the Legislature might prohibit its exercise altogether; it might prescribe the terms on which it could be carried on. It is in this respect that the case before us differs vitally from that of People ex rel. Ferguson v. Reardon, 197 N. Y. 236, 90 N. E. 829,27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 141, 134 Am. St. Rep. 871, where it was held unconstitutional to compel a broker to deliver his private papers to the comptroller for examination so that the latter might discover whether the broker had committed a crime in failing to comply with the statute imposing a tax on stock sales . The sale of property (of course we do not refer to exceptional articles, liquors, poisons, and others) is a natural right protected by our Constitution. People v. Gillson, 109, N. Y. 389, 17 N. E. 343,4 Am. St. Rep. 465. I do not assert that all constitutional privileges may be waived as a condition to the exercise of privileges granted by the Legislature. Certain ones cannot be waived, but others may. Voes v. Cockcroft, 44 N. Y. 415;Mayor, etc., of N. Y. v....

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