People v. Satterfield

• Decision Date: 30 June 1967
• Docket Number: Cr. 6143
• Citation: 252 Cal.App.2d 270,60 Cal.Rptr. 733
• Court: California Court of Appeals
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Freddy Leroy SATTERFIELD, Defendant and Appellant.

Page 733

60 Cal.Rptr. 733

252 Cal.App.2d 270

The PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Respondent, v.Freddy Leroy SATTERFIELD, Defendant and Appellant.

Cr. 6143.

Court of Appeal, First District, Division 4, California.

June 30, 1967.

J. Raymond Cullum, Long Beach, for appellant.

Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen., William E. James, Asst. Atty. Gen., Elizabeth Miller, Deputy Atty. Gen., Los Angeles, for respondent.

CHRISTIAN, Associate Justice.

After a nonjury trial, defendant appeals from a judgment of conviction of violation of section 11500 of the Health and Safety Code(possession of heroin).The evidence most favorable to the judgment establishes that appellant had in his possession at the time of his arrest a small quantity of heroin and a kit of paraphernalia to be used for injection of that narcotic.The only question in the appeal is whether the officer who broke into appellant's home to make the arrest had reasonable cause to believe appellant guilty of a felony.

On January 7, 1965, Steven Priolo and Steven Levine were arrested in the residence at 4549 Lomina Street, Los Angeles.A search of the house turned up a quarter-ounce of marijuana in the northeast bedroom.This information was communicated to Sanchez and Hill, experienced deputies assigned to the narcotics detail in the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.These officers interrogated Priolo and Levine on January 9.According to the imformants, Levine had been living at 4549 Lomina Street, and Priolo was visited there when both were arrested.They told the officers that the room in which the marijuana had been found was appellant's bedroom.Priolo also stated that on four occasions prior to January 7he had bought heroin from appellant.Deputy Sanchez testified that he considered Priolo a reliable informant but gave no basis for his opinion.

After talking to the informants, Sanchez 'sent for record checks' and 'obtained a record check from C.I.I. and the F.B.I.' concerning appellant.The officer testified that a 'record check' is also known as a 'make sheet' and, in substance, recites 'the charge, the date, the organization that arrested him and the disposition * * *.'If appellant's make sheet contained any such information, the witness was not asked to relate it in his testimony and respondent's case draws no support from it.

Deputy Hill testified that Deputy Sanchez told him 'that he had a conversation with a neighbor of the Defendant and Deputy Sanchez stated that the neighbor had told him that the Defendant had acted suspiciously.'The conversation with the neighbor took place three weeks after the disclosures by Priolo and Levine.¹

At this point the two officers drove to 4549 Lomina Street about noon on February 1, 1965.Both were in plain clothes; their car was an 'undercover' police vehicle.They did not have a search warrant or a warrant for appellant's arrest.The officers did not originally intend to enter the house or arrest appellant; they wanted to talk with him about the marijuana found in the bedroom three weeks earlier and about his 'purported activities in narcotics.'

The officers saw appellant driving in the neighborhood and followed him to the driveway at 4549 Lomina Street, where he turned in.Deputy Hill recognized him from a police 'mug shot.'They drove past, returned, and drove into the driveway.By that time appellant's vehicle had been parked in a detached garage opposite the rear of the house, and appellant was walking from the garage to the house.As the officers' car entered the driveway, appellant'looked up and he ran' to the house.Deputy Hill, driving the police car, accelerated and drove it to the rear of the house.He yelled, 'Sheriff's Department' after he had stopped the car and alighted, and just as appellant slammed the back door of the house from the inside.Deputy Sanchez yelled, 'Sheriff's officers,' but after appellant had slammed the door.

Through an open window Deputy Sanchez heard a voice in the house say, 'The law.It's the law.'Deputy Hill also heard a voice, but testified that the words were, 'It's the law.The law is here.'Both officers heard some 'scuffling and running' noises in the house.A female voice inside said 'Where?Where outside?'Sanchez then heard sounds of an opening window and a screen being ripped.He ran around the house and intercepted a woman, one Denise Whalen, who was crawling out of a window.She was placed under arrest.

Meanwhile, Deputy Hill formed the opinion that appellant was attempting to destroy narcotic evidence inside the house.The opinion was based upon the circumstances we have just related and his knowledge, derived from his experience, that a common method of destroying narcotics is to flush them down a toilet after which they cannot be recovered.Hill did not believe he had time to get a search warrant or do anything else 'to prevent the destruction of narcotics except enter that house.'Accordingly, he ran to the front door, kicked it open without announcement and entered.

When Deputy Hill broke in, he saw appellant at a telephone, screaming incoherently into it and holding his left hand in a coat pocket.The officer approached him at gunpoint, told him he was under arrest, and grabbed his coat.Appellant broke loose and ran out the front door and across the front lawn.Running into a neighboring back yard with Hill in close pursuit, appellant withdrew an object from his pocket and threw it over a fence into another yard.Hill caught him and subdued him after a scuffle.

Sanchez responded to Hill's call for help and at the point where appellant had thrown the object from his pocket they recovered two cellophane bags, each of which held two paper bindles of heroin, and a cloth package containing an addict's typical kit for preparation and injection of heroin.The officers then searched the house and found other incriminating articles.

The trial court admitted in evidence the material thrown away by appellant, expressing the view that the evidence was discovered because appellant voluntarily disclosed it without a search.² This theory was erroneous.Evidence obtained in consequence of a suspect's voluntary act is unlawfully seized if the act was the 'direct result' of illegal police conduct.(People v. Dixon(1956)46 Cal.2d 456, 296 P.2d 557(contraband obtained when suspect took key to hiding place from her dress and attempted to swallow it while in custody after unlawful arrest);In re Badillo v. Superior Court(1956)46 Cal.2d 269, 294 P.2d 23, (suspect ran out of a house unlawfully entered by officers and threw away a package of heroin);People v. Stewart(1966)241 Cal.App.2d 509, 50 Cal.Rptr. 630(suspect concealed contraband in police car while en route to sheriff's office after unlawful arrest based on uncorroborated information from untested informant).)Here the evidence thrown away by appellant was unlawfully obtained unless the forcible entry into the house was lawful.

Deputy Hill had neither a warrant nor the consent of the occupants; therefore the entry was lawful only if he had reasonable cause, based on oil of the facts known to him at that moment, to arret appellant inside the house.(People v. Shelton(1964)60 Cal.2d 740, 744, 6 Cal.Rptr. 433, 388 P.2d 665.)The admissibility of the evidence seized in the house later, after the officers reentered, turns upon the same question.The search was 'substantially contemporaneous' with appellant's arrest and it took place on the premises where the arrest was made.It was therefore lawful if the arrest to which it was incident was lawful.(People v. Cockrell(1965)63 Cal.2d 659, 666, 47 Cal.Rptr. 78, 408 P.2d 116.)

An arrest without a warrant is lawful if made by a peace officer who has reasonable cause to believe that the person arrested has committed a felony.(Pen.Code, § 836.)'Reasonable or probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the officers at the moment of the arrest are sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the defendant has committed an offense.(Citations.)The question of probable cause to justify an arrest without a warrant must be tested by the facts which the record shows were known to the officers at the time the arrest was made.'(People v. Talley(1967)65 A.C. 884, 889, 56 Cal.Rptr. 492, 496, 423 P.2d 564, 568.)

The burden of showing reasonable cause rests upon the prosecution.(People v. Shelton, supra, 60 Cal.2d 740, 744, 36 Cal.Rptr. 433, 388 P.2d 665.)Therefore, where the prosecutor failed to establish the reliability of Priolo and Levine, we must regard them as untested informants.Likewise, where Deputy Hill was not asked whether he heard a window being raised and the tearing of a screen, we are obliged to assume that he knew nothing about Denise Whalen's escape through the window when he decided to enter the house and arrest appellant.

The sufficiency of Deputy Hill's knowledge, at the time when the two officers first arrived, to establish probable cause for an arrest may be questioned for two reasons: (1) None of the informers was of proven reliability.(People v. Talley(1967)66 A.C. 363, 369, 56 Cal.Rptr. 492, 423 P.2d 564;People v. Prewitt(1959)52 Cal.2d 330, 337, 341 P.2d 1.)There was some corroboration of the informants' disclosures (though not as to an incriminating fact) in that the officers identified appellant from a 'mug shot' and personally observed him entering the house identified by the informants.(2) The stories of the informers did not specifically show that they had reason to believe appellant was currently violating narcotics laws.'The critical fact is present violation of law, not past violation.'(People v. West(1965)237 Cal.App.2d 801, 807, 47 Cal.Rptr. 341, 346;also seePeople v. Privett(1961)55 Cal.2d 698, 702, 12 Cal.Rptr. 874, 361 P.2d 602.)Here the information supplied by Priolo was that he had purchased heroin from appellant four...