People v. Thomas

• Decision Date: 19 April 1965
• Docket Number: No. 2,No. 14,14,2
• Citation: 1 Mich.App. 118,134 N.W.2d 352
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William L. THOMAS, Defendant-Appellant. Cal
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

Page 352

134 N.W.2d 352

1 Mich.App. 118

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William L. THOMAS, Defendant-Appellant.

Cal. No. 14.

Court of Appeals of Michigan, Division No. 2.

April 19, 1965.

William L. Thomas, in pro. per.

Frank J. Kelley, Atty. Gen., Robert A. Derengoski, Sol. Gen., Lansing, James G. Fleming, Pros. Atty., Jackson County, Jackson, Mich., for appellee.

Before BURNS, P. J., and HOLBROOK and WATTS, JJ.

BURNS, Judge.

Appellant is a resident of Southern Michigan prison. On February 5, 1957, in the custody of Sergeant Elmer Larson, an officer of the Michigan Department of Corrections, he was permitted to attend his sister's funeral in Detroit. Upon their arrival in Detroit, appellant was permitted to visit his mother in the hospital.

From the hospital, they went to Diggs Funeral Home. When it appeared that the receptionist was not there, appellant was instructed to go upstairs and wait outside the office. After the receptionst arrived, Sergeant Larson went into the office to transact the business of the expense of appellant's trip to Detroit, while appellant waited outside. When Sergeant Larson left the office, he discovered that appellant was nowhere to be found and reported him missing to the prison authorities.

It was not until five years later that appellant was picked up by the police in St. Louis, Missouri, who turned him over to an officer of the Michigan Department of Corrections. He was returned to Southern Michigan prison and subsequently was tried and convicted for escaping from prison, ¹ his fourth felony conviction. ²

This appeal from that conviction is based on several objections to the arraignment and trial. Appellant claims that he was denied due process of law by being convicted under an ex post facto law, by being denied the right to employ an attorney of his own choosing, by refusal of the trial court to issue compulsory process to obtain witnesses for appellant, and by being prejudiced in front of the jury because of his appearance in prison uniform and in chains. He further contends that the trial court erred in its charge to the jury regarding proof of prior offenses and further erred in allowing the prosecution to introduce testimony regarding the prior offenses before establishing a corpus delicti. Finally, appellant argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the controversy because the offense was committed outside of Jackson county and because the information filed was not signed by the prosecuting attorney or by one of his assistants.

The statute in effect at the time of the commission of the act for which defendant was tried reads as follows:

'Any person, being imprisoned in any prison of this state for any them, who shall break prison and escape, or break prison though no escape be actually made, or shall escape, or shall leave said prison without being discharged from said prison by due process of law, * * * shall be guilty of a felony.'

C.L.S.1956, § 750.193 (Stat.Ann.1957 Cum.Supp. § 28.390). (Emphasis added.)

The lower court in its charge to the jury stated that such was the law to be applied, but the court also added the following paragraph:

'The word 'prison' as used in this section shall include any Michigan state prison and shall further include persons authorized by the department to have prison inmates under their care, custody or supervision, either in an institution or outside an institution, whether for the purpose of work or medical care or otherwise.'

It is true, as appellant contends, that this last paragraph states as part of the law at that time, an amended section of the statute ³ which did not come into effect until after the offense was committed for which appellant is charged.

It is the opinion of this Court that the trial judge was in error in so instructing the jury. But this is not sufficient error to be prejudicial to appellant, because the amended statute did not change the law but merely expanded the definition. It is obvious to this Court from a reading of the record below that appellant's acts come under that italicized part of the statute quoted above, which statute was in effect at the time of the escape.

What is necessary to constitute an 'escape' has been decided in People v. Richards (1929), 247 Mich. 608, 612, 226 N.W. 651, 653:

'In order to be guilty of an escape, a prisoner need not break doors or walls; he escapes, if he removes himself from the imposed restraint over his person and volition.'

Therefore, it is the opinion of this Court that appellant was not tried and convicted under an ex post facto law.

Appellant next contends that he was deprived of his constitutional right to counsel of his own choosing. The record indicates that appellant did contact a lawyer, a Mr. Stuart Dunnings, but could not afford to retain him. He further contacted another lawyer, Mr. Clarence Brown, but appellant stated in open court that Brown could not appear on such short notice to defend him. The lower court properly found that appellant had more than ample opportunity to secure counsel. He had ten months to secure counsel but failed. When appellant appeared at trial without an attorney, the court offered the services of Mr. Goler and appellant refused them.

'THE COURT: To get down to the selection of a jury, I guess first of all we better cover this question of Mr. Goler. Mr. Goler is available here this morning if you wish to counsel with him; but if you tell me you do not have to counsel with Mr. Goler, I will tell he (sic, him) he can be excused. It won't be necessary for him to remain.

'THE DEFENDANT: That's fine. No, sir, I don't want Mr. Goler in any capacity. I would have to be my own lawyer here.' (Emphasis added.)

It is clear then, that appellant did request to be permitted to conduct his own defense and impliedly waived his right to counsel. The right to counsel guaranteed by Constitution 1908, art. 2, § 19, and in C.L.S.1961, § 775.16 (Stat.Ann.1959 Cum.Supp. § 28.1253), does not require the appointment of an attorney chosen by the accused. People v. Kotek (1943), 306 Mich. 408, 11 N.W.2d 7.

Appellant claims abridgement of his right to have the court use compulsory process to obtain witnesses in his behalf and cites the guarantees of both the federal and Michigan constitutions. See U.S.Const. Am. 6 and Const.1908, art. 2, § 19. It is well settled that the guarantee in the federal constitution applies only to prosecutions by the United States and not to prosecutions by a state, 97 C.J.S. Witnesses § 6 (1957), so our only concern here will be with the Michigan constitution.

'A constitutional guaranty of compulsory process for witnesses does not necessarily include such process at the expense of the public; but some constitutional provisions are so worded and construed as to entitle accused to process without advancing any fees.' 97 C.J.S. Witnesses § 7 (1957).

Seeking then an interpretation of the Michigan Constitution, we find that C.L.1948, 775.15 (Stat.Ann. § 28.1252) has this to say:

'If any person accused of any crime or misdemeanor, and about to be tried therefor in any court of record in this state, shall make it appear to the satisfaction of the judge presiding over the court wherein such trial is to be had, by his own oath, or otherwise, that there is a material witness in his favor within the jurisdiction of the court, without whose testimony he cannot safely proceed to a trial, giving the name and place of residence of such witness, and that such accused person is poor and has not and cannot obtain the means to procure the attendance of such witness at the place of trial, the judge in his discretion may, * * * make an order that a subpoena be issued from such court for such witness in his favor, and that it be served by the proper officer of the court. * * * [T]he witness therein named shall be paid for attending such trial, in the same manner as if such witness or witnesses had been subpoenaed in behalf of the people.' (Emphasis added.)

Thus it is clear that in Michigan an application to summon witnesses at the expense of the government is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court.

A similar interpretation of a statute has been given in federal court, where the provision in the federal code is similar to that in the Michigan statute. The courts have held that it is discretionary with the trial judge whether to grant the request of an indigent defendant seeking to have witnesses brought before the court. The cases further say that the exercise of that discretion is not reviewable. Goldsby v. United States (1895), 160 U.S. 70, 16 S.Ct. 216, 40 L.Ed. 343; Gates v. United States (C.A. 10, 1941), 122 F.2d 571; Brewer v. Hunter (C.A. 10, 1947), 163 F.2d 341.

In the instant case, it is clear from the record that appellant was informed by the court that if he would immediately submit to the court a list of his witnesses together with his reasons for calling them, the court would consider his request to subpoena these witnesses. It is further apparent that appellant had fourteen witnesses but had not given the court any reason why these witnesses should be subpoenaed at state...