People v. Wallace

• Decision Date: 29 May 1974
• Docket Number: No. 45817,45817
• Citation: 312 N.E.2d 263,57 Ill.2d 285
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v. Ruth WALLACE et al., Appellants.
• Court: Illinois Supreme Court

Page 263

312 N.E.2d 263

57 Ill.2d 285

The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v. Ruth WALLACE et al., Appellants.

No. 45817.

Supreme Court of Illinois.

May 29, 1974.

James R. Bellmann, Robert S. Bailey and Arthur E. Engelland, Chicago, for appellants.

William J. Scott, Atty. Gen., Springfield, and Bernard Carey, State's Atty., Chicago (James B. Zagel, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Patrick T. Driscoll, Jr., and Dennis J. O'Hara, Asst. State's Attys., and Frank DeBoni, Senior Law Student, of counsel), for the People.

KLUCZYNSKI, Justice:

Following a jury trial in the circuit court of Cook County defendants, Ruth Wallace and Katie Holloway, were convicted of attempting to bribe two police officers. (Ill.Rev.Stat.1963, ch. 38, par. 8--4.) Mrs. Wallace was sentenced to three years probation conditioned upon the first three months being served in the county jail. Miss Holloway was sentenced to the penitentiary for a term of one to two years. A privately retained counsel then filed a '(Section 72) motion to void judgment and sentence' (Ill.Rev.Stat.1967, ch. 110, par. 72) contending that the indictment was void. The circuit court denied the petition and the appellate court affirmed. (People v. Wallace, 10 Ill.App.3d 580, 294 N.E.2d 769.) We granted leave to appeal.

Two Chicago police officers seized a large sum of money from defendants and placed them in custody. As they were being transported to the police station, they proffered the money to the officers in return for their release. Their offer was rejected and defendants were charged with attempted bribery. In their section 72 petition defendants asserted that the offense of attempted bribery did not exist and, even if the offer of money had been refused, as in this case, that act constituted bribery. (Ill.Rev.Stat.1963, ch. 38, par. 33--1.) In effect they argued that the indictment failed to charge a criminal offense. The appellate court rejected their contention reasoning that the offense of attempted bribery was statutorily recognized prior to the adoption of the statutory provisions now at issue. The appellate court held that in the absence of contrary legislative intent, it would not construe section 8--4 (par. 8--4) as inapplicable to cases involving bribery. 10 Ill.App.3d at 582, 294 N.E.2d 769.

Several questions regarding the method of defendants' challenge to the validity of their indictment might exist although no party to this appeal has raised any issue related thereto. The appellate court reached the merits of defendants' contention, and possible defects in their petition will not be considered. Cf., people v. Sarelli, 55 Ill.2d 169, 171, 302 N.E.2d 317.

It is well settled that an indictment which fails to charge a criminal offense is void. (People v. Furman, 26 Ill.2d 334, 335, 186 N.E.2d 262.) As such, it does not confer jurisdiction upon a court (People ex rel. Kelley v. Frye, 41 Ill.2d 287, 290, 242 N.E.2d 261), and a conviction resulting therefrom may not be sustained (People v. Harris, 391 Ill. 325, 327, 68 N.E.2d 728; People v. Nickols, 391 Ill. 565, 571, 63 N.E.2d 759; People v. Fore, 384 Ill. 455, 458, 51 N.E.2d 548). A convicted defendant may challenge the validity of an indictment for failure to allege a criminal violation either by direct review or in collateral proceedings. People v. Edge, 406 Ill. 490, 494, 94 N.E.2d 359; People v. Buffo, 318 Ill. 380, 384, 149 N.E. 271.

People v. Peters, 265 Ill. 122, 106 N.E. 513, involved a bribery conviction under former law in which the defendant was arrested after he gave money to an agent of a State's Attorney in order to influence the conduct of a pending case. The official arranged to have the transaction witnessed and the arrest made after transfer of the funds. Defendants contended on appeal that his bribery conviction (section 31) could not be sustained under the facts and, at most, his actions constituted attempted bribery (section 32). (Hurd's Stat.1911, ch. 38, pars. 31 and 32.) The court reasoned that enactment of the aforesaid provisions indicated that the legislature 'did not intend that a person should be guilty of the offense of bribery unless the bribe was accepted.' (265 Ill. at 130, 106 N.E. at 516.) It reversed the bribery conviction because the State's Attorney had not truly accepted the money.

The Peters decision was overruled in People v. Lyons, 4 Ill.2d 396, 122 N.E.2d 809. That case involved facts similar to Peters, and the statutory provisions pertaining to bribery offenses were unchanged from those considered in Peters. (Ill.Rev.Stat.1951, ch. 38, pars. 78 and 79.) In upholding the bribery conviction under section 31 (par. 78), the court in Lyons stated at page 399, 122 N.E.2d at page 811, 'A reasonable construction of the provisions in the light of their evident purpose requires than any person who corruptly engages in such a transaction is guilty of bribery, regardless of the motive of the other party thereto.'

In 1961 our present Criminal Code was adopted. Section 8--4, in pertinent part, provides:

'A person commits an attempt when, with intent to commit a specific offense, he does any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of that offense.' Ill.Rev.Stat.1963, ch. 38, par. 8--4(a).

Section 33--1 provides:

'A person commits bribery when:

(a) With intent to influence the performance of any act related to the employment or function of any public officer, public employee or juror, he promises or tenders to that person any property or personal advantage which he is not authorized by law to accept; or

(c) With intent to cause any person to influence the performance of any act related to the employment or function of any public officer, public employee or juror, he promises or tenders to that person any property or personal advantage which he is not authorized by law to accept.' Ill.Rev.Stat.1963, ch. 38, par. 33--1(a), (c).

Defendants contend that the general attempt provision is used in situations involving potential but incompleted violations of any section of the Criminal Code, and it has no application to cases involving a consummated offense. We do not agree.

In construing a statute the primary function is to give effect to the intent of the legislature. (People ex rel. Hanrahan v. White, 52 Ill.2d 70, 73, 285 N.E.2d 129.) Each section of the Criminal Code is to be considered in making this determination. (People v. Hairston, 46 Ill.2d 348, 356, 263 N.E.2d 840, cert. denied, 402 U.S. 972, 91 S.Ct. 1658, 29 L.Ed.2d 136.) It has been further held that the Committee Comments may be an aid in ascertaining this intent. People v. Hairston, 46 Ill.2d 348, 356, 263 N.E.2d 840; People v. Touhy, 31 Ill.2d 236, 239, 201 N.E.2d 425; People v. Billingsley, 67 Ill.App.2d 292, 297, 213 N.E.2d 765.

Section 33--1 of the Criminal Code is a comprehensive statute which details vaious situations involving bribery. As applicable to this appeal, the offeror violates the bribery provisions of section 33--1 when he promises or tenders to a public official property the official is unauthorized to accept, with intent to influence the conduct of that official, or he promises or tenders such property to any person with the intent to have that person influence the official. (Ill.Rev.Stat.1963, ch. 38, par. 33--1(a) and (c).) There is no explicit statutory requirement that the official accept the property in order to charge the offeror with bribery. The mere offer or promise with the requisite intent is sufficient to constitute the completed offense of bribery. This is in accord with the Lyons decision. The defendants' conduct in this case, which is comparable to the conduct in Lyons and Peters, is squarely within the prohibition of section 33--1(a).

Prior to the adoption of the present Criminal Code, conviction for an attempt necessitated that the defendant fail in his completion of the offense. (People v. Lardner, 300 Ill. 264, 267, 133 N.E. 375; People v. Shapiro, 299 Ill.App. 255, 259, 20 N.E.2d 107.) This requirement was established by statute. See Ill.Rev.Stat.1959, ch. 38, par. 581.

However, it has been recognized in various jurisdictions that one may be convicted of an attempt to commit an offense even if the evidence indicates that the crime has been completed. (42 C.J.S. Indictments and Informations § 299(b).) The committee commentary (par. 8--4) shows the legislative intent to abrogate the necessity that the criminal act fail as a prerequisite to prosecution for attempt. (S.H.A. (1972), ch. 38, par. 8--4, Committee Comments, p. 512; see also People v....