Perry v. United States, 15-3494

• Decision Date: 14 December 2017
• Docket Number: No. 15-3494,15-3494
• Citation: 877 F.3d 751
• Parties: Gregory T. PERRY, Petitioner-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

877 F.3d 751

Gregory T. PERRY, Petitioner-Appellant,

v.UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellee.

No. 15-3494

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued October 24, 2017

Decided December 14, 2017

Edward King Poor, Attorney, QUARLES & BRADY LLP, Chicago, IL, James Eric Goldschmidt, Attorney, QUARLES & BRADY LLP, Milwaukee, WI, for Petitioner-Appellant.

Andrianna D. Kastanek, Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Chicago, IL, John G. McKenzie, Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Rockford, IL, for Respondent-Appellee.

Carissa Byrne Hessick, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF LAW, Chapel Hill, NC, Amicus Curiae for LAW PROFESSORS.

Before Easterbrook, Rovner, and Hamilton, Circuit Judges.

Hamilton, Circuit Judge.

Eight years into a lengthy prison term, petitioner Gregory T. Perry sought to invalidate his 2007 sentence for a drug offense as unconstitutional. Perry was sentenced as a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines. Until 2016, the career offender guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a), used a definition of a "crime of violence" that included a "residual clause" that mirrored the "violent felony" definition in the Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). In 2015, the Supreme Court struck down the statutory residual clause as unconstitutionally vague. Johnson v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 2551, 2563, 192 L.Ed.2d 569 (2015). That decision led Perry and others to raise similar vagueness challenges to sentences based on the residual clause in the guidelines.

In Beckles v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 137 S.Ct. 886, 197 L.Ed.2d 145 (2017), however, the Supreme Court rejected those challenges to the same definition in the now-advisory guidelines. Id. at 890. Advice, the Court reasoned, lacks the force of law necessary for unconstitutional vagueness. Perry recognizes that he was sentenced at a time when the guidelines were deemed advisory so that Beckles seems to foreclose his vagueness challenge. He argues now, however, that the law of this circuit did not make the guidelines sufficiently advisory in 2007 when he was sentenced. We reject this argument and affirm the district court's denial of Perry's motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

Perry pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine. The district court sentenced him to eighteen years in prison and five years of supervised release. In calculating the sentence, the judge found that Perry's prior convictions for attempted murder and attempted armed robbery made him a career offender under the guidelines. The judge imposed a sentence within the applicable guideline range. Perry did not appeal his conviction or sentence.

A reader might be forgiven for thinking there is not much question about whether attempted murder and attempted armed robbery are violent crimes. Modern federal criminal law, however, makes the problem considerably more complex. Both the statutory and guideline definitions included "elements clauses," covering crimes that have "as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another." Both definitions also covered burglary, arson, extortion, crimes involving the use of explosives, and crimes that "otherwise involve [ ] conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another " 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B) (2012) ; U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) (2006) (emphasis added). The italicized clause in both statute and guideline is known as the residual clause. The Supreme Court held in Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575, 600, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), that the Armed Career Criminal Act requires courts to use the "categorical approach" in classifying a prior offense, meaning that the court looks only at the legal definition of the crime and not the actual conduct of the defendant in committing it. See Johnson , 135 S.Ct. at 2557. Johnson invalidated the statutory residual clause, explaining that the Supreme Court's "repeated attempts and repeated failures to craft a principled and objective standard out of the residual clause confirm its hopeless indeterminacy." 135 S.Ct. at 2558.¹

The residual clause in the Sentencing Guidelines, however, survived a similar vagueness challenge in Beckles v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 137 S.Ct. 886, 197 L.Ed.2d 145 (2017). Despite the identical language, the Court held that "the advisory Guidelines are not subject to vagueness challenges under the Due Process Clause." Id. at 890. After the Court declared the guidelines advisory in United States v. Booker , 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), Beckles explained, the guidelines "merely guide the district courts' discretion." 137 S.Ct. at 894. District judges must consider the advice from the guidelines, but they are free to reject that advice based on the weight of sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), which include the needs to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just punishment, provide effective correctional treatment, afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct, and protect the public from further crimes of the defendant. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). Before the guidelines took effect in 1987, these broad and sometimes contradictory principles in the statute were nearly all that guided sentencing judges, and the Court had "never doubted the authority of a judge to exercise broad discretion in imposing a sentence within a statutory range." Beckles , 137 S.Ct. at 893, quoting Booker , 543 U.S. at 233, 125 S.Ct. 738. If this "unfettered discretion" posed no vagueness problem, then the more disciplined discretion under the guidelines could withstand a vagueness challenge. Beckles , 137 S.Ct. at 894.

To understand how the Sentencing Guidelines guide district judges' discretion, it helps to revisit briefly how Booker changed sentencing practices for defendants like Perry. In Booker , the Supreme Court declared the guidelines "effectively advisory." 543 U.S. at 245, 125 S.Ct. 738. After Booker , district courts calculate a sentencing range using the guidelines but are free to impose sentences outside the applicable guideline range, and even outside the broader system of the guidelines, based on the statutory factors in § 3553(a). In making individual sentencing decisions, a judge may disagree with the policy choices of the Sentencing Commission that are reflected in the guidelines if the purposes of § 3553(a) would be better served by a harsher or more lenient sentence. See Booker , 543 U.S. at 259–60, 264, 125 S.Ct. 738.

Since Booker , the Supreme Court has reinforced its decision that the guidelines are advisory, often in response to circuit court decisions that tried to constrain the discretion of district courts to impose non-guideline sentences. See, e.g., Kimbrough v. United States , 552 U.S. 85, 128 S.Ct. 558, 169 L.Ed.2d 481 (2007) (district judges permitted to disagree with crack v. powder cocaine disparity); Gall v. United States , 552 U.S. 38, 128 S.Ct. 586, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007) (extraordinary circumstances are not needed to justify non-guideline sentence; appellate courts review sentences only for abuse of discretion).

To avoid the effects of Booker and Beckles here, Perry argues that two lines of this circuit's precedent nullified Booker in practice, making the career offender guideline effectively mandatory and thus subject, in his view, to his vagueness challenge. We are not persuaded. The argument mischaracterizes our precedents and our relationship with the Supreme Court in our judicial system.

First, Perry argues that when he was sentenced in 2007, this circuit applied an erroneous and rigid proportionality test that discouraged district judges from sentencing outside the guidelines. He suggests that Gall abrogated our decision in United States v. Allan Johnson , 427 F.3d 423 (7th Cir. 2005). As support, Perry notes that Gall reversed an Eighth Circuit decision that quoted our decision in Allan Johnson . The quoted passage said that a sentence outside the guideline range must be "proportional to the extent of the difference between the advisory range and the sentence imposed." Gall , 552 U.S. at 45, 128 S.Ct. 586, quoting Allan Johnson , 427 F.3d at 427. Gall forbade appellate courts from applying any appellate rule "that requires ‘extraordinary’ circumstances to justify a sentence outside the Guidelines range" or use of "a rigid mathematical formula," or a presumption that a non-guideline sentence is unreasonable. 552 U.S. at 47, 128 S.Ct. 586. Gall instead required appellate courts to apply a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard of review. See id. at 51, 128 S.Ct. 586.

Gall did not appreciably modify this circuit's approach. Gall explained that an appellate court may "apply a presumption of reasonableness" to sentences within the guideline range and "may consider the extent" of any deviation so long as it gives "deference to the district court's decision" that other factors "justify the extent of the variance." Id. at 51, 128 S.Ct. 586. Furthermore, the quoted passage from Allan Johnson fits comfortably with the comment in Gall : "We find it uncontroversial that a major departure should be supported by a more significant justification than a minor one." Id. at 50, 128 S.Ct. 586 ; see also United States v. Dean , 414 F.3d 725, 729 (7th Cir. 2005) (imposing no formal requirement on a district judge's explanation but stating that "the farther the judge's sentence departs from the guidelines ... the more compelling the justification"). We do not find in the Allan Johnson and Dean line of cases any support for Perry's argument that he was sentenced under circuit law that treated the guidelines as anything other than advisory pursuant to Booker .

Next, Perry points to a separate line of our cases (decided after he was sentenced) that he reads as having prohibited district courts from disagreeing with the policy behind the career offender guideline. In United...