Petrol Shipping Corp. v. Kingdom of Greece, Ministry of Com., 119

• Decision Date: 07 January 1964
• Docket Number: Docket 28188.,No. 119,119
• Citation: 326 F.2d 117
• Parties: Petition of PETROL SHIPPING CORPORATION, Petitioner-Appellant, v. The KINGDOM OF GREECE, MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, PURCHASE DIRECTORATE, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

326 F.2d 117 (1964)

Petition of PETROL SHIPPING CORPORATION, Petitioner-Appellant, v. The KINGDOM OF GREECE, MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, PURCHASE DIRECTORATE, Appellee.

No. 119, Docket 28188.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued October 30, 1963.

Decided January 7, 1964.

Hill, Betts, Yamaoka, Freehill & Longcope, New York City, for appellant, Eugene F. Gilligan and Eli Ellis, New York City, of counsel.

Arthur M. Becker, Washington, D. C. and New York, N. Y., for respondent, appearing specially. Becker & Greenwald, Washington, D. C., of counsel.

Before SWAN, CLARK and MARSHALL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM.

Respondent chartered the petitioner's tanker Atlantis to carry grain from Texas to Greece.¹ At Piraeus, Greece, the Respondent designated a berth at which the Atlantis could not safely lie afloat and sustained damage for which the Respondent disclaimed responsibility. The charter party contained an arbitration clause. Petitioner appointed an arbitrator and, in reliance on § 4 of the Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C.A., moved in the court below for an order directing Respondent to appoint one.² The Greek Ambassador to the United States, appearing specially, suggested want of jurisdiction to sue a sovereign state without its consent. Judge Dawson so held. The petitioner has appealed. It contends that the court erred in accepting the unsupported suggestion of the Greek Ambassador and should have required the Respondent to establish its right to immunity through channels of our State Department.

The narrow issue presented by the appeal is one which was settled for this court in Puente v. Spanish National State, 2 Cir., 116 F.2d 43, cert. den. 314 U.S. 627, 62 S.Ct. 57, 86 L.Ed. 504. There the plaintiff sued for legal fees. No appearance was entered for defendant, but the Spanish Ambassador to the United States submitted to the Clerk of the District Court a letter which stated "that under prevailing principles of international law the Spanish Government as a Sovereign State is not subject to suit in your Court without its consent, which in this case it declines to accord." In a well-reasoned and lucid opinion (in which Judge L. Hand and Judge Chase concurred) Judge Clark stated that the question for decision is "how the conceded immunity of a friendly foreign state from suit without its consent is to be presented to a court." The Ambassador's letter was held sufficient. The opinion points out the distinction between cases where this is true and those where a foreign sovereign lays claim to a vessel over which the District Court has already acquired jurisdiction. In the latter type of case, of which Ex parte Muir, 254 U.S. 522, 41 S.Ct. 185, 65 L.Ed. 383, is an illustration, the foreign sovereign must establish through channels of our State Department its right to immunity. The Supreme Court has never, so far as we are advised, limited in any way the Puente decision.

The judgment is affirmed.

CLARK, Circuit Judge (dissenting):

In Puente v. Spanish Nat. State, 2 Cir., 116 F.2d 43, 45, cert. denied 314 U.S. 627, 62 S.Ct. 57, 86 L.Ed. 504, a case where, as we said, "there is no vestige of apparent jurisdiction," we stated this important limitation on the defense of sovereign immunity: "When a court appears to have all the elements of jurisdiction of an action, it is not improper to require of even a sovereign who would oust it of that jurisdiction that he furnish due proof to support his claim."¹ While our illustrative examples naturally concerned cases we had had, to wit, foreign vessels within the district court's jurisdiction, we expressly declined to limit the rule to particular instances, and indeed in contemporary cases we recognized the controlling importance of State Department pronouncements as to immunity claims. See, e. g., Sullivan v. State of Sao Paulo, 2 Cir., 122 F.2d 355; United States ex rel. D'Esquiva v. Uhl, 2 Cir., 137 F.2d 903, 906-907; see also Republic of Mexico v. Hoffman, 324 U.S. 30, 38, 65 S.Ct. 530, 534, 89 L.Ed. 729: "We can only conclude that it is the national policy not to extend the immunity in the manner now suggested, and that it is the duty of the courts, in a matter so intimately associated with our foreign policy and which may profoundly affect it, not to enlarge an immunity to an extent which the government, although often asked, has not seen fit to recognize."

But it is most important to note that in later authorities not mentioned below or here, the law to which these cases pointed has been explicitly stated and the defense of sovereign immunity definitely restricted in cases involving the commercial activities of a foreign state.² In the now well known and important "Tate letter" of May 19, 1952, on behalf of the Secretary of State to the Attorney General, by Professor Jack B. Tate, then Acting Legal Adviser to the Secretary, the Department expressly clarified its position and in a reasoned exposition citing precedents set forth its future policy "to follow the restrictive theory of sovereign immunity" — applicable to a sovereign engaged "in commercial...