Phillips v. State
| Decision Date | 16 November 1977 |
| Docket Number | No. 2-876A297,2-876A297 |
| Citation | 174 Ind.App. 570,369 N.E.2d 434 |
| Parties | Henry Lee PHILLIPS, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below). |
| Court | Indiana Appellate Court |
Theodore L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., Lesly A. Bowers, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for appellee.
Defendant-Appellant Henry Phillips (Phillips) appeals from his convictions of the crimes of Attempt to Commit a Felony While Armed (Rape) 1 and Assault & Battery with Intent to Kill, 2 claiming insufficiency of the evidence, prosecutorial misconduct, and that improper remarks were made about his past criminal record.
We affirm.
The evidence most favorable to the State is:
On July 20, 1975, Barbara Wilkins, 3 a woman sixteen years of age, awakened at 4:00 A.M. to find an intruder in her bedroom holding a knife to the back of her neck. Although he threatened to kill her if she did not take off her clothes, she began screaming. The intruder panicked and tried to flee down a flight of stairs where he encountered Wilkins' parents. A scuffle ensued and Wilkins' father was stabbed in the stomach. The assailant then fled.
Her mother (Mrs. Wilkins) was taken to police headquarters where, after viewing a bulletin board filled with pictures, she immediately identified Phillips, a frequent visitor of a neighbor, as the assailant.
At trial the following exchanges took place:
look, and I was the only one that went straight to his picture.
Subsequently Officer Alice Parnell was called to testify and in response to the following question:
At that point, Phillips moved for a mistrial claiming the statements of Mrs. Wilkins and Officer Parnell were evidentiary harpoons. That motion was denied. Subsequently, one of Phillips' own witnesses testified about Phillips' sentencing for an earlier crime.
During the State's rebuttal of Phillips' final argument which dwelt on the fact no knife was presented as evidence, the Prosecutor responded by saying:
PROSECUTOR: The Defense seems to have made an issue out of the fact that we have no knife to show you here today. I believe it's been shown through Barbara that she could feel it at the back of her neck, through Mr. (Wilkins), who was stabbed twice in the stomach, Mrs. (Wilkins), who saw him bleeding profusely, the fact that he went to the hospital and was treated for stab wounds, all would go to the fact that there was a knife, that there was a deadly weapon used during the commission of these crimes. Just because Henry Lee Phillips decided to take it (the knife) with him or throw it in a corner or do something else with it is not the issue here. We don't know what happened to the knife, only the defendant would know what happened to that knife if we have proven these charges beyond a reasonable doubt. The knife is not an element to be presented into evidence, the facts that we have shown through our testimony that there was a knife held at the back of Barbara's neck through her testimony, she stated this, and through Mr. (Wilkins) testimony was the knife was used to stab him in the stomach, he told us that. (emphasis supplied)
Again, Phillips moved for a mistrial, which was denied by the trial judge.
Phillips raises three issues:
1. Was there sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction?
2. Did the comments of the victim's mother and Officer Parnell constitute evidentiary harpoons?
3. Did the Prosecutor make an improper comment upon Phillips' failure to take the stand?
Phillips initially contends that there is insufficient evidence to prove that he intended to rape the victim or stab the victim's father. Secondly, he argues the Prosecutor introduced "evidentiary harpoons", through remarks by the State's witnesses about Phillips' "record", "gallery", and "mug shots". He alleges these references placed before the jury the fact that he had been convicted of a prior crime, a fact inadmissible at trial.
His final contention is that the Prosecutor improperly referred to the fact that he had not taken the witness stand in his own defense in his closing argument, thereby violating his constitutional right against self incrimination.
ISSUE ONE
CONCLUSION There was sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction.
In determining Phillips' intent to rape or kill the jury may consider direct and indirect evidence establishing beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of such intent. Washington v. State (1971), 257 Ind. 40, 271 N.E.2d 888.
There is both direct evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom establishing intent to commit rape and intent to kill.
Phillips was an uninvited intruder into Wilkins' bedroom at 4:00 in the morning, ordered her to undress at knife-point and threatened to kill her if she screamed.
The facts of this case are similar to those of other rape convictions in which the perpetrator was prevented from consummating the act for a variety of reasons. See Curry v. State (1969), 252 Ind. 347, 248 N.E.2d 30; Jester v. State (1975), Ind.App., 321 N.E.2d 762; Charles v. State (1975), Ind.App., 328 N.E.2d 455.
Similarly, we find there was sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction of Assault and Battery with Intent to Kill. Phillips assaulted Wilkins' father with a knife in attempting to escape and inflicted a knife wound in the stomach. These facts are somewhat analogous to those in Green v. State (1973), Ind.App., 304 N.E.2d 845, in which a defendant while trying to avoid apprehension by an off duty policeman tried to run over one of the officers with his automobile. Judge Sullivan, for the majority, said:
It thus appears that the meager authority available in other jurisdictions supports conviction for assault and battery with intent to kill even though the intent exemplified by the act or, as here, is indicative of an intent to escape apprehension and arrest rather than a specific intent to actually kill the person or persons obstructing the escape path. 304 N.E.2d at 852.
CONCLUSION Testimony by Officer Alice Parnell and Mrs. Wilkins regarding Phillips' gallery, mug shots, and record, did not constitute evidentiary harpoons under the circumstances of this case.
In Bayer v. State (1973), Ind.App., 303 N.E.2d 678, 683, this Court dealt with evidentiary harpoons observing that "one emerges from a careful reading of White v. State (1971), 257 Ind. 64, 272 N.E.2d 312, with the firm conviction that intent to prejudice is a prime consideration in determining whether a given improper statement constitutes reversible error." In that case, we noted there was a lack of intent to prejudice and strong evidence of guilt. And so it is here.
Mrs. Wilkins' reference to mug shots was in response to the questions asked and does not appear to have been deliberately calculated to prejudice Phillips. Nor would the reference by Officer Parnell to the word "gallery" prejudice Phillips, a term only familiar to those intimately acquainted with procedures in the Indianapolis Police Department.
Eyewitnesses testified to Phillips' guilt.
Further, one of Phillips' own witnesses testified that she had attended a prior sentencing of Phillips and thus put in the mind of the jurors the fact that he had a previous record.
Thus, it cannot be concluded that Phillips was denied a fair trial.
CONCLUSION Any reference by the Prosecutor in his rebuttal argument to Phillips' failure to take the stand is too remote to justify reversal.
The prohibition against comments made by a Prosecutor was given constitutional dimension in Griffin v. California (1965), 380 U.S. 609, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106, and a similar prohibition was adopted in Indiana through Ind.Code § 35-1-31-3 and a long line of Indiana cases. See Knopp v. State (1954), 233 Ind. 435, 120 N.E.2d 268; Rowley v. State (1972), 259 Ind. 209, 285 N.E.2d 646.
We are aware of the statement in Rowley v. State, supra, that:
A comment made by a prosecuting attorney, directly or indirectly, which is subject to interpretation by a jury as a comment upon failure of defendant to testify has been strictly regarded as an impingement on the substantial right of the defendant. (emphasis supplied)
But does indirectly mean we must strain to find such an allusion when none is apparent?
The decided Indiana cases requiring reversal have been founded on such statements as "there had not been one bit of evidence from the witness stand that indicated the defendant was not guilty". See Rowley, supra ; or "would have been pleased to hear from the other side", or ". . . if a party has something to say they are going to say it" and, "they're not going to rest on their laurels". "But you haven't had any evidence any testimony from the stand about why or why not somebody might not have had this property . . . What evidence have you heard from the stand with...
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