Phipps v. Barbera

• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts
• Writing for the Court: SMITH; WARNER
• Citation: Phipps v. Barbera, 498 N.E.2d 411, 23 Mass.App.Ct. 1 (Mass. App. 1986)
• Decision Date: 10 October 1986
• Parties: Janice E. PHIPPS, executrix, v. Kathy BARBERA & others. 1

Page 411

498 N.E.2d 411

23 Mass.App.Ct. 1

Janice E. PHIPPS, executrix, v. Kathy BARBERA & others. ¹

Appeals Court of Massachusetts Barnstable.

Argued Jan. 15, 1986.

Decided Oct. 10, 1986.

Weld S. Henshaw (Alison J. Bell, Boston, with him), for plaintiff.

Matthew J. Dupuy, West Yarmouth, for Kathy Barbera.

Before BROWN, SMITH and WARNER, JJ.

SMITH, Justice.

Marian E. Phipps died on October 13, 1982, and her will was admitted to probate in the Barnstable Probate and Family Court on January 21, 1983. She left a life estate in her home and its contents, including three paintings by William McGregor Paxton, ² to her half sister, Janice E. Phipps (Phipps). At Phipps' death, everything except the paintings would go to Kathy Barbera (Barbera), a cousin of the testatrix. The testatrix directed "that the three Paxton paintings ... be donated to the New York Museum of Fine Arts to be added to the Paxton paintings already at the Museum. If the New York Museum of Fine Arts advises they do not wish to accept these paintings, then I give, devise and bequeath said paintings to Kathy Barbera."

Phipps was appointed executrix under the will. Because an investigation established that there is no museum by the name of the "New York Museum of Fine Arts," Phipps filed a complaint in the probate court seeking instructions as to the proper disposition of the three paintings. The complaint listed as defendants all the named beneficiaries under the will, including Barbera. In addition, the Museum of Fine Arts (MFA), located in Boston, was listed as a defendant because, according to the complaint, it was the only "Museum of Fine Arts which already [had] a collection of Paxton paintings." The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Metropolitan), located in New York, was not named as a defendant. It had one Paxton painting.

The MFA and Barbera were the only defendants who filed answers to the complaint. Both agreed with the executrix that the will contained a latent ambiguity. ³ However, they disagreed as to the museum to which the faulty description applied. The MFA (and the executrix) contended that when the testatrix used the descriptive words "New York Museum of Fine Arts," she meant the MFA. Barbera, however, claimed that the testatrix intended the Metropolitan to be the recipient of the paintings. ⁴ Because of the ambiguity, the judge permitted the MFA and Barbera to introduce extrinsic evidence as an aid in construing the words used in the will. Tucker v. Seaman's Aid Soc., 48 Mass. (7 Met.) 188, 208 (1843). See Smith, The Admissibility of Extrinsic Evidence in Will Interpretation Cases, 64 Mass.L.Rev. 123 (1979).

After the trial, the judge issued a memorandum of decision which contained his findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order for judgment. He ruled that he was not satisfied "beyond a reasonable doubt by the legal evidence as to whom the testatrix intended to name or describe when she referred to the New York Museum of Fine Arts." He ordered that the three paintings be given to Barbera, rather than to the MFA or the Metropolitan. Later, the judge issued a "corrected" judgment, recognizing that the will gave to Phipps a life estate in the three paintings, after which they were to go to the residuary beneficiary (Barbera). The MFA appeals from that judgment and raises several issues. The MFA contends that (1) the judge committed reversible error when he employed the wrong standard of proof; (2) the judge's findings of fact were, to a considerable extent, erroneous; (3) the judge committed error when he declined to apply the doctrine of cy pres; and (4) the judge erred in denying the MFA's motion to join the Metropolitan as a party.

We agree that the judgment must be reversed because the judge applied the wrong standard of proof. Although we need not address the MFA's other contentions, Brennan v. Bongiorno, 304 Mass. 476, 478, 23 N.E.2d 1007 (1939), we discuss briefly those issues which may arise at a new trial.

1. Standard of persuasion. The judge employed the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard in determining whether the MFA had produced sufficient evidence to establish that it was the intended beneficiary. The MFA correctly argues that the "preponderance of evidence" standard should have been used by the judge.

Although one early case supports the judge's position, ⁵ later cases and a leading authority in the field demonstrate that in regard to latent ambiguities of this type, claimants need only meet the "preponderance of evidence" standard. In Bosworth v. Massachusetts Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Inc., 299 Mass. 93, 11 N.E.2d 916 (1937), the testatrix bequeathed a legacy to the "Womens [sic ] Christian Association." Two organizations, the Boston Young Women's Christian Association and the Massachusetts Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Inc., claimed the bequest. The court stated that "[w]e cannot say that the judge was wrong in thinking it more likely that when the testatrix used the descriptive words ... she meant the [Massachusetts Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Inc.]" (emphasis supplied). Id. at 95, 11 N.E.2d 916. Also see Smith v. Livermore, 298 Mass. 223, 242-243, 10 N.E.2d 117 (1937). Professor Austin Wakeman Scott in his definitive treatise states that "[t]he cases are numerous in which there is a devise or bequest to a named corporation, but there is in fact no corporation having that name.... It may appear that there are two or more corporations with somewhat similar names, none having the name stated in the will. The misnomer will not ordinarily result in the failure of the devise or bequest, and the property will be given to the corporation which on the evidence appears to have been the one probably intended by the testator." (Emphasis supplied.) 3 Scott, The Law of Trusts § 397.3 (3d ed. 1967). Although neither source uses the phrase "preponderance of evidence" the terms "more likely" and "probabl[e]" are used in the definition of that phrase. See Sargent v. Massachusetts Acc. Co., 307 Mass. 246, 250, 29 N.E.2d 825 (1940) ("The weight or ponderance of evidence is its power to convince the tribunal which has the determination of the fact, of the actual truth of the proposition to be proved. After the evidence has been weighed, that proposition is proved by a preponderance of the evidence if it is made to appear more likely or probable in the sense that actual belief in its truth, derived from the evidence, exists in the mind or minds of the tribunal notwithstanding any doubts that may still linger there." [Emphasis supplied.] ).

We see no reason why cases of this type require a higher degree of proof than the "preponderance of evidence" standard. We hold, therefore, that in a case that involves a latent ambiguity of this type, a claimant is required to show only by a preponderance of the evidence that it was the intended beneficiary. If no claimant meets that standard, the bequest is void for uncertainty. Tucker v. Seaman's Aid Soc., 7 Met. at 208-209.

2. Other issues. We briefly discuss those issues which may arise at retrial.

a. Application of cy pres doctrine. The MFA argues that the judge committed error when he declined to apply the doctrine of cy pres to reform the bequest of the Paxton paintings. There was no error.

The cy pres doctrine has been stated as follows: "It is now a settled rule in equity that a liberal construction is to be given to charitable donations, with a view to promote and accomplish the general charitable intent of the donor, and that such intent ought to be observed, and when this cannot be strictly and literally done, [a] court will cause it to be fulfilled, as nearly in conformity with the intent of the donor as practicable." Rogers v. Attorney Gen., 347 Mass. 126, 131, 196 N.E.2d 855 (1964), quoting from American Academy of Arts & Sciences v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, 78 Mass. (12 Gray) 582, 596 (1832). "[I]f the charitable purpose is limited to a particular object or to a particular institution, and there is no general charitable intent, then, if it becomes impossible to carry out the object ... the doctrine of [cy pres] does not apply, and, in the absence of any limitation over or other provision, the legacy lapses." Selectmen of Provincetown v. Attorney Gen., 15 Mass.App.Ct. 639, 646, 447 N.E.2d 677 (1983), quoting from Teele v. Bishop of Derry, 168 Mass. 341, 343, 47 N.E. 422 (1897).

We think that the cy pres doctrine does not apply here. The testatrix clearly intended to benefit a "particular," although nonexistent, institution, rather than museums in general or the public at large. Selectmen of Provincetown v. Attorney Gen., supra, 15 Mass.App.Ct. at 646-647, 447 N.E.2d 677. In addition, the presence in the clause that disposes of the paintings of a specific gift over to Barbera if the paintings should not be accepted points to the conclusion that there was no general charitable intent. Rogers v. Attorney Gen., 347 Mass. at 134, 196 N.E.2d 855. We see nothing in this result that is contrary to G.L. c. 12, § 8K.

b. Joinder of Metropolitan as a party. After the close of the evidence, the MFA filed a motion requesting that the Metropolitan be added as a necessary party pursuant to Mass.R.Civ.P. 19(a), 365 Mass. 765 (1974). The motion was denied. The MFA contends that the judge erred because there was substantial evidence introduced at the trial by Barbera that demonstrated that the Metropolitan might have been the intended beneficiary of the paintings. Barbera argues that the judge's action was correct because the Metropolitan was not subject to process and disclaimed any interest in the paintings in its affidavit that accompanied the MFA's motion for summary judgment (see n....