Phoenix Container, L.P. v. Sokoloff et al, 00-1466

• Decision Date: 18 December 2000
• Docket Number: No. 00-1466,00-1466
• Citation: 235 F.3d 352
• Parties: (7th Cir. 2000) Phoenix Container, L.P., and Yasar Samarah, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Ken Sokoloff, et al., Defendants
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 352

235 F.3d 352 (7th Cir. 2000)

Phoenix Container, L.P., and Yasar Samarah, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Ken Sokoloff, et al., Defendants.

No. 00-1466

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit

Argued November 30, 2000

Decided December 18, 2000

Appeal of: James Florio

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, No. 99 C 6630--Robert W. Gettleman, Judge.

Before Flaum, Chief Judge, and Easterbrook and Rovner, Circuit Judges.

Easterbrook, Circuit Judge.

Exactly 30 days after being served with process in a suit filed in state court, James Florio filed a notice of removal, asserting that complete diversity of citizenship among the parties brought the case within federal jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. sec.sec. 1332, 1441(a). All defendants joined Florio's notice, an essential step. See Hanrick v. Hanrick, 153 U.S. 192 (1894); Torrence v. Shedd, 144 U.S. 527 (1892). This created a potential problem, however, because the other defendants were no longer entitled to remove the action. "The notice of removal of a civil action or proceeding shall be filed within thirty days after the receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based". 28 U.S.C. sec.1446(b). Several defendants had been served with process before Florio, so their entitlement to remove had expired by the time Florio filed a notice of removal. The district court held that, unless every defendant is entitled to remove, then no defendant is entitled to remove. This application of the "first-served defendant rule" led the judge to remand the proceedings to state court. 83 F. Supp. 2d 928 (N.D. Ill. 2000).

Florio has filed this appeal to argue that the "first-served defendant rule" is incompatible with sec.1446(b). Florio reads "receipt by the defendant" to mean "receipt by the removing defendant" rather than "receipt by any defendant", for the latter dispenses with the definite article. On Florio's reading only the removing defendant need meet the time requirement, though all defendants still must agree to the federal forum. He also relies on the holding of Murphy Brothers, Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344 (1999), that "receipt . . . through service or otherwise" means receipt through formal service, and not otherwise. If receipt "otherwise" sufficed, the Court concluded, a defendant's time to remove could expire before he became a party. Just so, Florio insists, with the first-served defendant rule, which could--and here did--extinguish a defendant's right to remove before he became a party.

After Quackenbush v. Allstate Insurance Co., 517 U.S. 706, 714-15 (1996), appeal (rather than mandamus) is the right way to contest remand orders. See Benson v. SI Handling Systems, Inc., 188 F.3d 780 (7th Cir. 1999). Nonetheless, "[a]n order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise, except that an order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed pursuant to section 1443 of this title shall be reviewable by appeal or otherwise." 28 U.S.C. sec.1447(d). Florio did not remove under sec.1443, which covers civil rights cases, so a straightforward reading of sec.1447(d) forecloses his effort to get appellate review. Yet just as the Court refused in Murphy Brothers to read sec.1446(b) literally, so it has declined to read sec.1447(d) literally. A series of cases beginning with Thermtron Products, Inc. v. Hermansdorfer, 423 U.S. 336 (1976), and culminating in things Remembered, Inc. v. Petrarca, 516 U.S. 124 (1995), had produced this conclusion:

sec.1447(d) must be read in pari materia with sec.1447(c), so that only remands based on grounds specified in sec.1447(c) are immune from review under sec.1447(d). As long as a district court's remand is based on a timely raised defect in removal procedure or on lack of subject-matter jurisdiction--the grounds for remand recognized by sec.1447(c)--a court of appeals lacks jurisdiction to entertain an appeal of the remand order under sec.1447(d).

516 U.S. at 127-28 (citation omitted). A remand based on a conclusion that removal was untimely is "based on a . . . defect in removal procedure"; sec.1446 specifies removal procedures, and timeliness is a statutory condition of removal. Things Remembered held that a remand order is not reviewable by the court of appeals when the remand is "on grounds of untimely removal, precisely the type of removal defect contemplated by sec.1447(c)." 516 U.S. at 128 (footnote omitted).

Section 1447(d), as construed in Things Remembered, requires us to dismiss Florio's appeal. Here, just as in Things Remembered, the district judge remanded a proceeding on the statutory ground that removal had been untimely. Florio insists, however, that this case is different because the district judge used extra-statutory criteria to determine timeliness. Instead of sticking with the language of sec.1446(b), the district judge relied on two additional rules: the principle that removal is proper only if all defendants join the notice, and the supposed corollary (essential to the first-served defendant rule) that one defendant may join another's notice only if the joining defendant is eligible to remove on its own. Neither the all-defendants rule nor the first-served-defendant corollary can be found in sec.1446(b), which means, Florio concludes, that the case has not been remanded on a statutory ground, making appellate review available.

This is a nice try--close enough to require denial of appellees' request for sanctions under Fed. R. App. P. 38--but no cigar. Section 1446(b) is not self-contained. No part of the judicial code is. All statutes depend for their meaning on external norms. Section 1446(b) uses words such as "filed" and "days" and "service" that can be understood only by reference to other sources of law. What it means to "file" a document recently required decision by the Supreme Court. See Artuz v. Bennett, 121 S. Ct. 361 (2000). Does "day" mean "calendar day" or "business day"? What happens when the court is closed (for the weekend or a holiday) on the last day of the...