Plaster v. U.S., 85-6503

• Decision Date: 29 April 1986
• Docket Number: No. 85-6503,85-6503
• Citation: 789 F.2d 289
• Parties: Moyer Reed PLASTER, Appellee, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

Page 289

789 F.2d 289

Moyer Reed PLASTER, Appellee, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellant.

No. 85-6503.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Argued Dec. 4, 1985.

Decided April 29, 1986.

John F. DePue, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C. (Jean B. Weld, Asst. U.S. Atty., John P. Alderman, U.S. Atty., Roanoke, Va., on brief), for appellant.

Carr L. Kinder, Jr. (Bird, Kinder & Huffman, Roanoke, Va., on brief), for appellee.

Before WINTER, Chief Judge, WILKINSON, Circuit Judge, and BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.

HARRISON L. WINTER, Chief Judge:

In a previous appeal, we remanded the application of Moyer Reed Plaster for a writ of habeas corpus, which the district court had granted, to free him from extradition to the Federal Republic of Germany to stand trial for murder. We ruled that extradition would be in violation of Plaster's constitutional rights if in fact Colonel Hart, who promised Plaster immunity from prosecution and extradition in exchange for testimony against Burt, another suspect, had authority to make the promise. Because there was a conflict in the evidence as to whether Colonel Hart had been told by the State Department that a final decision had been made not to extradite Plaster so as to authorize him to grant immunity, we remanded the case for resolution of this factual issue. Plaster v. United States, 720 F.2d 340 (4 Cir.1983).

On remand the district court 605 F.Supp. 1532 found that Colonel Hart had been so advised, and it directed that the writ issue. The government appeals, contending that the finding that Hart was so advised is clearly erroneous and that, in any event, the decision in Mabry v. Johnson, 467 U.S. 504, 104 S.Ct. 2543, 81 L.Ed.2d 437 (1984), decided after the first appeal, requires us now to conclude that Plaster, never having given testimony against Burt, had no constitutional right that would be violated by his extradition and trial in West Germany.

We affirm.

I.

The facts to the date of our previous decision are set forth in our opinion and need not be repeated here. On remand, the government supplemented the existing record with an affidavit of Colonel Hart. In his affidavit, Hart stated that he erred in his previous testimony that he spoke with Colonel Dennis York, Chief of International Affairs for the United States Army, Europe, about whether Burt and Plaster could be transferred back to West Germany for either court martial by the United States Army or whether the West Germans could recall their waiver of jurisdiction and proceed to a West German trial. He now says that his conversation was with Colonel Al Rakas, then Chief of International Affairs Division, USAREUR, and:

I was told by Colonel Rakas that the State and Defense Departments had decided that to then allow West Germany to recall its jurisdiction after it had failed to do so during the time limit set in the Supplementary Convention would set a bad precedent under the NATO SOFA. I was told that it was the United States Government's policy to assert and maintain jurisdiction whenever possible in situations where both the United States and the receiving country had concurrent jurisdiction.

In addition, Hart denied any awareness that Rakas discussed granting immunity to Plaster with the International Affairs Division of JAGO, asserting that, under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the Commanding General had discretionary authority to grant immunity from military prosecution. Hart further denied awareness of anyone discussing any extradition treaty between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany then in force or later to be concluded, other than NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). He added:

I did not request authority from the International Affairs Division, United States Army, Europe, the State Department, or the Defense Department to offer a grant of immunity to Plaster or to include in such an immunity grant a promise not to extradite him to West Germany. The decision by the Departments of State and Defense, as relayed to me by Col. Rakas, made no mention of my decision to pursue an immunity grant, which was my response to that decision. At the time the grant of immunity was drafted and approved by General Schellman, I did not consider whether the immunity would include immunity from extradition. Therefore, I did not discuss with or ask the approval of General Schellman or anyone to grant immunity from extradition. To the best of my knowledge, I was not delegated any authority by the Department of State to promise Plaster or Burt, as part of any immunity agreement, that the United States Government would not extradite either Burt or Plaster to West Germany. I did not promise Plaster, as part of the immunity agreement, that he would not be extradited to Germany for the 1965 murder of Kurt Pfeuffer.

Based upon the evidence of Colonel Rakas, the district court made a factual finding that "the State Department, through its liaison, Colonel Rakas, told Hart that a final decision had been made that Plaster would not be extradited [and therefore] Hart had the requisite authority to promise Plaster freedom from extradition." The government also contended before the district court that the decision in Mabry v. Johnson, supra, required it to reconsider its initial decision to issue the writ, but the district court ruled that that decision did not have that effect.

II.

Before us, the government attacks the factual finding that Hart had authority to promise Plaster freedom from extradition, asserting that it is clearly erroneous. It argues that the evidence shows that Hart was informed only that the State and Defense Departments would not accede to a reassertion of the West German government's right to exercise jurisdiction under the NATO SOFA, but that this is far different from advice that "the State Department would not seek enforcement of any extradition request the West German government might make at some time in the future." In that connection, it stresses that the evidence did not show that extradition or immunity from extradition were specifically mentioned or discussed in the communications between Hart and representatives of the Departments of State or Defense.

To this argument we think that there are several answers. In the previous appeal, there was a factual finding that Plaster and his then attorney were both told by Hart's deputy, Colonel Rarick, that under the immunity agreement "Plaster would be prosecuted neither by American nor German authorities", 720 F.2d at 345, and this finding was accepted as not clearly erroneous. Since international extradition is a matter committed to the President and his designees, what concerned us in the prior appeal was whether Hart and his deputy had express, implied or apparent authority to commit the government not to extradite Plaster as part of the immunity agreement. We concluded that, given the close ties between extradition and the Executive's power to conduct foreign affairs, a grant of immunity from extradition must be made by one to whom the authority to issue such immunity has actually been delegated. 720 F.2d at 354-55.

The evidence adduced on remand clearly showed that the Departments of State and Defense decided not to return Plaster to German jurisdiction upon a recall of West Germany's waiver of jurisdiction, and this discussion was communicated to Hart by Rakas. We think that this is enough to render the district court's finding that Hart had authority to promise Plaster freedom from extradition immune from attack.

Although the treaty between the United States and the West German government under which extradition is now sought was not in existence at the time that Plaster entered into the immunity agreement, there was in effect between the two governments a status of forces agreement under which the United States could have ceded criminal jurisdiction to West Germany (by permitting Germany to recall its waiver of jurisdiction), had the United States been so disposed, even though the West German government had initially waived its primary right to exercise its concurrent jurisdiction. It is true, as the government argues, that, under international law, there are technical differences between an extradition treaty and a status of forces agreement. But the fact remains that there was a mechanism to return Plaster to West German criminal jurisdiction when the immunity agreement was entered into by Plaster and the government. There was thus in the broad, generic sense an "extradition" treaty at that time so that the advice to Hart that neither the Departments of State nor Defense would agree to return Plaster was a sufficient indication that he could promise immunity from extradition in an effort to develop evidence to convict someone of the murder of the taxi driver. That a formal extradition treaty came later into being is of no moment because by then the rights of Plaster had been created and the government could not deprive him of them.

We attach no significance to the failure to use the precise term "extradition" in the communications between Hart and the executive branches of the government. It would have been extremely unusual for them to have spoken in terms of a treaty yet to be negotiated and ratified. Extradition is the return of an accused to the place at which he allegedly committed a crime to stand trial on the charges made against him. Certainly this is the substance of what was discussed between Hart and the representatives of the Department of Defense and State. It is a mere matter of semantics as to whether the word "extradition" was used or whether parties spoke of returning Plaster to West Germany for trial.

In sum, we conclude that the finding of the district court that the promise not to extradite was authorized is not clearly erroneous.

III.

Mabry v. Johnson, supra, held that a criminal defendant's acceptance of a prosecutor's proposed plea bargain does not create a...