Porter v. U.S. Agency for Intern. Development

• Decision Date: 25 November 2003
• Docket Number: No. CIV.A. 00-1954(JR).,CIV.A. 00-1954(JR).
• Citation: 293 F.Supp.2d 152
• Parties: Melvin PORTER, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Columbia

293 F.Supp.2d 152

Melvin PORTER, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Defendant.

No. CIV.A. 00-1954(JR).

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

November 25, 2003.

Samuel Swain Heywood, Steven M. Warshawsky, Eric C. Bosset, Covington & Burlington, Susan E. Huhta, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.

Paul A. Mussenden, U.S. Attorneys Office for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM ORDER

ROBERTSON, District Judge.

After a jury awarded him compensatory damages for retaliation in his employment discrimination action against USAID, Melvin Porter filed a petition for equitable relief. He included a request for attorneys' fees in that petition and asked that I "gross up" the fee award to cover any tax liability a fee award might entail. I declined to rule on the attorneys' fee request while considering Porter's prayer for retroactive promotion, back pay, and injunctive relief, and I declined to decide the tax "gross up" question, finding the issue not then ripe for decision. With respect to the tax question, I said (hope once again prevailing over experience),

Given the recent publicity on this issue... and the injustice of the result of the [IRS] position, it is hard to believe that Congress will not correct the problem before long. If it does not, I will consider whether there is some way of delinking the payment of attorneys fees from the plaintiff himself, and, if there is none, I will give further consideration to a "grossed up" award.

Mem., Sept. 9, 2002.

I have now granted plaintiff's attorneys' fee petition (by memorandum order filed today). Congress has not acted. Porter has renewed his request for an order requiring USAID to indemnify him against any tax consequences of the attorneys' fee award, or, in the alternative, "grossing up" the attorneys' fee award or "disconnecting" the fee from the plaintiff himself. The petition also asks that I retain jurisdiction so that I can address the indemnification question if, and when, the need arises.

Background

Porter sued the United States Agency for International Development ("USAID") under Title VII of the Civil Rights act of 1964, alleging that USAID had discriminated and retaliated against him when it failed to select him for three separate positions at the GS-15 level. He initiated this litigation pro se. I urged him to obtain counsel and granted him an extension of time to do so. Through the Washington Lawyer's Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs ("WLC"), plaintiff obtained assistance from Covington & Burling ("Covington") in February 2001. Covington and WLC then responded to USAID's first partial dispositive motion, which I granted in part and denied in part. Covington and WLC subsequently opposed a motion for summary judgment, which motion I denied, and the case proceeded to trial.

After a four-day trial, the jury found that retaliation had been a "motivating factor" in USAID's decision not to select Porter for two positions and awarded Porter compensatory damages of $15,000 on each retaliation claim. After the jury verdict, plaintiff moved for equitable relief, including promotion to a higher pay grade, a retroactive promotion, and back pay and benefits, which I denied, and an injunction against future retaliation, which I granted.

The award of attorneys' fees and litigation expenses to Porter will be for more than $200,000.

Analysis

The tax problem that gives rise to this motion is a vexing one for Title VII plaintiffs. There is very little case law that deals with it, and no controlling precedent in this Circuit. The origin of the problem appears to lie in the "assignment of income doctrine," which precludes individuals from avoiding tax consequences by assigning their income to others. See Lucas v. Earl, 281 U.S. 111, 114-15, 50 S.Ct. 241, 74 L.Ed. 731 (1930) (refusing to permit taxpayer to evade taxes through "anticipatory arrangements and contracts however skillfully devised to prevent the [income] ... from vesting even for a second in the [taxpayer] who earned it."). Applying this doctrine, the IRS maintains that a successful plaintiff in a civil action who has agreed to pay a portion of a damages award to her lawyer as a contingent fee may not evade the tax on the full award simply because a portion of that award has been "assigned" (via the contingency agreement) to the lawyer.¹

The portion of an award that goes to pay attorney's fees may be partially deductible,² but the deduction will not be available if the Alternative Minimum Tax ("AMT") is triggered.³ The unhappy result is (or theoretically can be) that the tax consequences of an award of compensatory damages can seriously diminish or even exceed the award.⁴

Civil rights plaintiffs who settle their claims but are obligated to pay their attorneys fees under contingency agreements are treated just like other civil litigants under the assignment of income doctrine, notwithstanding that such a result is in direct conflict with the underlying purpose(s) of the fee shifting provisions applicable to civil rights litigation. See e.g., Sinyard v. Comm'r, 268 F.3d 756, 759 (9th Cir.2001) (portion of settlement in ADEA action designated as attorney's fees is income to plaintiff despite that the "anomalous result [was] no doubt unintended"); Campbell v. Comm'r 274 F.3d 1312, 1314-15 (10th Cir.2001)(contingency fee paid to lawyer in Title VII action was income; "perceived inequities of the AMT are simply not at issue here.").

No court has squarely held that a Title VII fee award (as distinct from a fee payable from a lump sum settlement) is as taxable to the successful plaintiff as the contingent fee payable from an ordinary award of damages.⁵ Nevertheless, the possibility that an attorney's fee award could place a successful Title VII plaintiff like Porter in a worse position than if he had never filed suit is a matter of serious concern.⁶

If Porter's liability to pay tax on the attorneys' fee award in this case were established as a matter of law, and if that tax could be calculated with precision, I believe I could enter a gross-up order in the exercise of the "full equitable powers" I have to effectuate the purposes of Title VII. Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 418, 95 S.Ct. 2362, 45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975). Such an order would be necessary to "make [Porter] whole for injuries suffered on account of unlawful employment discrimination," because the imposition of a tax that would reduce his compensatory damage award would leave him less than whole. Id. at 418, 95 S.Ct. 2362; see also, Int'l Brotherhood of Teamsters v. U.S., 431 U.S. 324, 372, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396 (1977); Peyton v. DiMario, 287 F.3d 1121, 1125-26 (D.C.Cir.2002). The D.C. Circuit's decision in Dashnaw v. Pena, 12 F.3d 1112, 1116 (D.C.Cir.1994) is not to the contrary. That decision declined a gross-up for a Title VII plaintiff who had received a lump sum backpay award. A backpay award, however, unlike an award of attorneys' fees, is actually income to the plaintiff. It might be argued that a gross-up award unfairly penalizes the defendant for something that is not the defendant's fault, but so (for example) does a fee award that makes adjustments to the lodestar to compensate for difficulty and risk, Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 892-93 (D.C.Cir.1980).

No gross-up will be awarded here, however, because the situation that I believe would permit it—an established tax liability, capable of precise calculation—is not present. Plaintiff's counsel suggests that the next best thing would be an order indemnifying Porter, in case a tax is assessed against him, or, at least, an order retaining jurisdiction so that the issue can be visited later if need be. Neither option would serve the interests of justice. Both would disserve the law's interest in finality, and both would reduce or completely remove the plaintiff's incentive to limit his tax liability (and thus mitigate his damages) with sound tax planning.

After careful consideration of plaintiff's petition, I have concluded that the best course is to do what I can to ensure that the attorneys' fee award never becomes a tax problem for Porter, by (i) making the fee award directly to counsel and not to Porter and (ii) explaining the nature of the award clearly, so that Porter or his tax adviser can refer to the explanation when preparing income tax returns, and so that the IRS can consider the explanation before attempting to impose a tax on Porter for the attorney's fee award.

The plaintiff's attorney in a Title VII case performs a public interest role that includes but is greater than that of officer of the court. Congress decided that attorneys for successful Title VII plaintiffs would be compensated by unsuccessful defendants, notwithstanding the "American rule" on attorneys' fees, because it recognized that incentives would be needed to bring lawyers into a controversial field, where recoveries might not otherwise warrant substantial fees, in order to vindicate newly enacted civil rights. See Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., 390 U.S. 400, 401-02, 88 S.Ct. 964, 19 L.Ed.2d 1263 (1968). The purpose of fee shifting provisions such as 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k) is to "attract competent counsel" without "produc[ing] windfalls to attorneys." S. Rep. 94-1011 at 6 (1976), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1976, pp. 5908, 5913. This record does not reflect the exact nature of the attorney-client relationship between Porter and Covington, but a reasonable inference from what we do know is that Porter (and the WLC) were able to attract one of Washington's finest law firms to pick up where Porter's pro se efforts left off in substantial part because of the fee-shifting provisions of Title VII.

An award of attorneys' fees in a Title VII case is not a percentage, or a subset, or in any way a part of an award of compensatory damages or of an award of backpay, front pay, or pre-judgment...