PPG Industries, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co.

• Decision Date: 13 February 1976
• Docket Number: No. 93,93
• Parties: 76-1 USTC P 9257, 18 UCC Rep.Serv. 569 PPG INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. The HARTFORD FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY et al., Defendants, and United States of America, Defendant-Appellant. , docket 75--6001.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 58

531 F.2d 58

76-1 USTC P 9257, 18 UCC Rep.Serv. 569

PPG INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. The HARTFORD FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY et al., Defendants and United States of America, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 93, docket 75--6001.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued Nov. 20, 1975.

Decided Feb. 13, 1976.

Jacob F. Gottesman, New York, City, for plaintiff-appellee.

Patrick H. Barth, Asst. U.S. Atty., New York City (Paul J. Curran, U.S. Atty. for the Southern District of New York, David P. Land, Steven J. Glassman, Asst. U.S. Attys., New York City, of counsel), for defendant-appellant.

Before MOORE and TIMBERS, Circuit Judges, COFFRIN, ^* District Judge.

COFFRIN, District Judge:

This case involves a secured transaction priority dispute between PPG Industries (hereinafter PPG), the secured party, and the United States Government, holder of a federal tax lien. In 1970, PPG entered into a security agreement with Car Color, Inc., the debtor in this case. The agreement gave PPG a security interest in all of the debtor's inventory and equipment. It further provided that Car Color was to insure the secured property, paying all of the costs thereof and assigning to PPG all right to receive the proceeds of such insurance. The loss proceeds were to be payable to PPG which, in addition, was also specifically authorized to 'endorse any draft for such proceeds . . .' This security agreement, dated September 28, 1970, was filed by PPG on October 8, 1970.

Car Color subsequently obtained from the Hartford Insurance Company a $25,000 insurance policy which did not name PPG as loss-payee. On December 23, 1971, Car Color's premises were destroyed by fire. Hartford disclaimed liability on the basis of an arson defense. Car Color sued Hartford and on April 25, 1973 won a $7,354.29 judgment for all losses resulting from the fire. Damages were awarded retroactively to April 3, 1972, the date that proof of loss had been submitted to Hartford. On June 26, 1973, Hartford was served with an execution in connection with a $12,300.90 default judgment which PPG had obtained against Car Color on April 14, 1972.

The United States claims a portion of the $7,354.29 insurance fund on the basis of two tax assessments which were imposed as a result of Car Color's failure to pay its federal withholding tax. An assessment of $1,252.25 was made on December 10, 1971, and another for $825.85 was made on March 27, 1972. Tax liens for these assessments were properly filed on May 4, 1972. The Government, therefore, seeks a total of $2,078.10. The actual amount available for distribution is $4,200.04, ¹ and PPG claims that it is entitled to this amount in its entirety.

The Proceedings Below

The bankruptcy magistrate, relying upon the 'unmistakably clear' language of the security agreement, held PPG to be a valid assignee of the fire insurance proceeds, and concluded on this basis that it had a 'valid legal right to the proceeds of the policy.' According to the Magistrate, 'PPG's assignment, theretofore equitable only, became a full-fledged legal and 'choate' assignment immediately upon the happening of the fire.' On appeal to the district court, Judge Conner, disagreeing with this analysis, stated that '(t)he law in New York is well settled that an assignment of a future interest in the proceeds of a claim is equitable only, and does not become a legal assignment until the proceeds have come into existence.' Even so, Judge Conner affirmed the magistrate's decision on another ground by finding that at the time of the Government's filing in May, 1972, PPG had a valid and 'choate' security interest in the insured property, and that under New York law this interest had been transferred to the potential insurance proceeds when the property was destroyed by fire.

1. The Validity of PPG's Security Interest in the Insurance Proceeds.

This question is obviously a threshold issue since if the security interest itself is invalid or nonexistent there is no need to resolve any priority conflict. The Government refers to two sections of New York's Uniform Commercial Code in support of its position that PPG does not have a valid security interest in such proceeds. U.C.C. § 9--104(g) provides that Article 9 (Secured Transactions) does not apply 'to a transfer of an interest or claim in or under any policy of insurance . . ..' ² Although there is some authority which would support a literal reading of this provision, see National Bedding & Furniture Industries, Inc. v. Clark, 11 U.C.C.Rep. 206, 208 (Ark. Sup.Ct.1972); In re Levine, 6 U.C.C.Rep. 238, 242 (D.C.Conn.1969), it should be apparent that this exclusion applies only to situations where the parties to a security agreement attempt to create a direct security interest in an insurance policy by making the policy itself the immediate collateral securing the transaction. For example, § 9--104(g) would be triggered in cases where a debtor uses his life insurance policy as a means for securing a debt owed to the insurer. In contrast, there is no basis for concluding that the statutory exclusion was intended to extend to security agreements which both create a direct security interest in inventory and/or equipment and require the debtor to provide his creditor with further protection by insuring the collateral. In rejecting such an argument, a leading treatise has made the following observation:

There have been some cases suggesting that since subsection 9--104(g) excludes insurance from the general coverage of Article 9, insurance payments for damaged collateral cannot be proceeds under 9--306. While 9--104(g) might have been more artistically phrased, this argument proves too much; bank deposits are not generally within Article 9 either, but clearly bank deposits can constitute 9--306 proceeds. A new 9--306(1) covers this problem: insurance payments are proceeds, except to the extent that they are payable to one not a party to the security agreement.

Coogan, Hogan, Vagts, Secured Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code § 3A.03(c), at 207 (1974) (footnotes omitted).

Even if § 9--104(g) is inapplicable, the next question is whether PPG's security interest in Car Color's inventory and equipment became a § 9--306 security interest in 'proceeds' when the debtor's collateral was destroyed by fire. (The security agreement provided that the security interest was to continue in the 'proceeds' resulting from the inventory). Under § 9--306(1), "(p)roceeds' includes whatever is received when collateral or proceeds is sold, exchanged, collected, or otherwise disposed of.' ³ (emphasis added). No New York case has ruled on whether fire insurance payments are 'proceeds' under § 9--306(1), but at least three decisions in other jurisdictions have held that such funds are not 'proceeds' within the meaning of this section. In re Levine, 6 U.C.C.Rep. 238, 241 (D.C.Conn.1969); Quigley v. Caron, 247 A.2d 94, 96 (Me.1968); Universal CIT Credit Corp. v. Prudential Investment Corp., 101 R.I. 287, 222 A.2d 571, 574--575 (R.I.1966). These decisions reasoned that the language of § 9--306(1) does not extend to the involuntary destruction of collateral, and that insurance payments which compensate the loss of such collateral do not qualify as proceeds since the obligation to pay is derived from a personal surety contract rather than from the insured property itself. In Fireman's Fund American Ins. Co. v. Ken-Lori Knits, Inc., 399 F.Supp. 286, 290--291 (E.D.N.Y.1975), these cases were distinguished in a situation where the two security agreements under consideration specifically covered proceeds, a rider to the second policy assigned all insurance payments to the secured party, and the policy itself contained tained a clause which made the loss payable to the secured party. Under such circumstances, where the parties' clear intention was to give the secured party the benefit of the insured proceeds, the district court held that § 9--306(1) should be construed to include such proceeds. Id., at 290--291.

The district court below, despite the absence of a similar loss-payee clause, specifically rejected the reasoning of the Quigley and Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp. decisions, and decided that in this case any construction of § 9--306(1) which does not include insurance within the scope of the term 'proceeds' would contravene the express intent of the parties. Furthermore, the Court pointed out that in 1972 the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws amended 9--306(1) to provide that 'insurance payable by reason of loss or damage to the collateral is proceeds . . ..' As the reporter's commentary to this amendment indicates, the 'new . . . sentence . . . is intended to overrule various cases to the effect that proceeds of insurance on collateral are not proceeds of the collateral.' Although this amendment has not yet been adopted in New York, it is a persuasive indication of the effect which § 9--306 was originally intended to have. Since no New York court has ruled on this question, the fact that the state legislature had not yet enacted this amendment does not preclude a federal court from rendering a decision which is consistent with the original intention underlying § 9--306. For this reason, the district court was correct in holding that PPG had a security interest in the proceeds of the insurance policy.

2. The Priority Conflict.

The resolution of priority conflicts involving federal tax liens is a matter of federal law requiring an interpretation of 26 U.S.C. § 6323. See, e.g., Aquilino v. United States, 363 U.S. 509, 513--514, 80 S.Ct. 1277, 4 L.Ed.2d 1365 (1960). The Government argues that PPG's interest in the proceeds of the insurance policy is not protected by 26 U.S.C. § 6323(a) because the proceeds did not come into existence until April 25, 1973 when Car Color won a judgment on the policy against Hartford. By that time, the Internal Revenue Service had already filed its tax assessment notices. 26...