Raab v. Com.

• Decision Date: 01 May 2007
• Docket Number: Record No. 0972-06-1.
• Citation: 644 S.E.2d 78,49 Va. App. 638
• Parties: George Edward RAAB v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

644 S.E.2d 78

49 Va. App. 638

George Edward RAAB v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 0972-06-1.

Court of Appeals of Virginia, Chesapeake.

May 1, 2007.

From the Circuit Court of the City of Virginia Beach, A. Bonwill Shockley, Judge¹.

David Michael Good (Anderson & Good, P.C., on brief), Virginia Beach, for appellant.

Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General; Karri B. Atwood, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Present: HUMPHREYS and KELSEY, JJ., and BUMGARDNER, Senior Judge.

D. ARTHUR KELSEY, Judge.

The trial court convicted George Edward Raab of driving under the influence, his third or subsequent offense, in violation of Code § 18.2-266. See also Code § 18.2-270 (codifying recidivism penalty). On appeal, Raab contends the evidence of his guilt should have been suppressed because the arresting officer had no legal basis to detain him in the first place. The trial court disagreed, as do we.

I.

Under settled principles, we address the legal issues arising from a suppression motion "only after the relevant historical facts have been established." Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va.App. 168, 171, 622 S.E.2d 771, 772 (2005) (en banc). On appeal, the facts developed in the trial court must be reviewed "in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, giving it the benefit of any reasonable inferences." Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va.App. 473, 477, 612 S.E.2d 213, 215 (2005) (en banc) (citation omitted).

So viewed, the evidentiary record shows that a police officer patrolling Ocean View Avenue at about 12:40 a.m. noticed a few vehicles in a restaurant parking lot. The restaurant had "closed" and was "shut down" for the night, with all lights turned off. Posted signs warned that the "parking lot was for patrons only" and that "towing was enforced." In prior patrols, the officer had seen vehicles parked there after the restaurant had closed. Adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay shoreline, the parking lot was sometimes used after hours by people going to the beach despite the patrons-only restriction.

When the officer pulled into the lot, Raab began backing his vehicle out of a parking space. As he had on previous occasions when he suspected unauthorized vehicles in the restaurant parking lot, the officer stopped Raab "to inquire why he was there after the business was closed." The officer immediately noticed an odor of alcohol coming from Raab. His eyes were glassy and red. Raab said he had just gone "for a swim," but his hair and clothes were dry. After Raab failed various field sobriety tests, the officer arrested him for driving under the influence. A later breath test showed a .15 blood alcohol content, nearly twice the legal limit.

In the trial court, Raab moved to suppress all evidence of his guilt on the ground that the officer unlawfully stopped him. Raab's counsel acknowledged the officer "testified very credibly." Counsel also admitted the restaurant was closed and its lights were off. He then cited the general trespassing statute, Code § 18.2-119, arguing that there can be no reasonable suspicion of trespassing here because the posted sign did not expressly say "no trespassing." Only a "clear marking of no trespassing," counsel continued, meets the "standard for being able to enforce the no trespassing law or the trespass offense." "I don't think we would have a case," he conceded, if the posted sign had been a "no trespassing" sign.

The trial court denied Raab's motion to suppress. Because the posted signs specifically forbade access to "anybody but patrons," the court held, the officer could reasonably suspect Raab of trespassing given that the restaurant had closed and turned off its lights. In response to this ruling, Raab entered a conditional guilty plea stipulating to the sufficiency of the evidence and preserving his right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion.

II.

While an arrest requires probable cause, a mere investigatory stop requires only a "reasonable suspicion" that criminal activity "may be afoot." United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 750, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002) (quoting United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 1585, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989), and Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1884, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968)). The likelihood of criminality "need not rise to the level required for probable cause, and it falls considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of the evidence standard" applicable in other contexts. Id. at 274, 122 S.Ct. at 751 (citing Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 7, 109 S.Ct. at 1585); see also Whitfield v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 361, 576 S.E.2d 463, 464-65 (2003) (summarizing standard as a reasonable suspicion the individual "may be involved in criminal activity" (citation omitted)).

The possibility—even a more-likely-than-not probability—of an innocent explanation for the conduct does not necessarily forbid an officer from making a brief, investigatory stop. See Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 274, 122 S.Ct. at 751 (rejecting the "divide-and-conquer analysis"). Terry itself involved an officer observing Terry and his companions "repeatedly walk back and forth, look into a store window, and confer with one another." Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 274, 122 S.Ct. at 751. "Although each of the series of acts was `perhaps innocent in itself,'" collectively they were suspicious enough that a reasonable officer had grounds to stop Terry and his companions for purposes of investigating the situation further. Id. (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 22, 88 S.Ct. at 1880).

Reasonable suspicion, therefore, "need not rule out the possibility of innocent conduct." Id. at 277, 122 S.Ct. at 753 (citing Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 125, 120 S.Ct. 673, 676-77, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000)). "Thus, there may be circumstances where wholly lawful conduct might justify the suspicion that criminal activity `may be' afoot." Richards v. Commonwealth, 8 Va.App. 612, 617, 383 S.E.2d 268, 271 (1989) (citations omitted). The Fourth Amendment bars only investigatory detentions based upon "inarticulate hunches" devoid of any arguably supportive factual basis. Terry, 392 U.S. at 22, 88 S.Ct. at 1880.²

In this case, the factual circumstances justified a reasonable suspicion that Raab may have been trespassing. Code § 18.2-119 criminalizes trespass by those who go on the property of another "without authority of law" after "having been forbidden to do so" by a lawful possessor. The warning can be "either orally or in writing" or "by a sign or signs" posted by the lawful possessor. Code § 18.2-119. Nothing in the statute or in any interpretative caselaw requires, as Raab argues, that posted signs use the words "no trespassing" or a similar talismanic expression.³

Here, the posted signs warned that permission to use the parking lot was reserved "for patrons only," adding that non-patrons could expect a "towing enforced" response by the restaurateur. No facts suggested Raab was a patron. At 12:40 a.m., the restaurant had closed and all of the lights were off. A restaurant closed to patrons cannot be patronized, particularly one with its lights off during nighttime hours. It reasonably follows that Raab was likely a non-patron subject to the restaurant's patrons-only restriction on access to the parking lot.

Maybe so, Raab contends, but it is also possible he could have been the last employee leaving the restaurant that night turning off the lights on his way out the door. We do not deny this possibility. Truth be told, for all the officer knew, Raab could have been the restaurant owner himself calling in license plate numbers to the towing company. That the suspicion of trespassing could have been factually wrong, however, does not make it legally unreasonable. The suspicious individuals walking up and down the sidewalk in Terry, after all, could simply have been innocuous, albeit overly energetic, window shoppers. But that hypothesis did not invalidate the Terry stop. See Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 9-10, 109 S.Ct. at 1587 (noting "Terry itself involved `a series of acts, each of them perhaps innocent'" that nonetheless warranted further investigation when viewed collectively (citation omitted)). Under the Fourth Amendment, "the relevant inquiry is not whether particular conduct is `innocent' or `guilty,' but the degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts." Id. at 10, 109 S.Ct. at 1587.⁴

Raab rejects this reasoning, arguing it has been displaced by a contrary view adopted in Ewell v. Commonwealth, 254 Va. 214, 491 S.E.2d 721 (1997). We disagree. In that case, an officer stopped a vehicle driving out of a residential apartment complex shortly after midnight. Unfamiliar with the vehicle or its driver, the officer noticed that the vehicle had been parked in an area known for drug dealing. Though a sign posted at the entrance of the apartment complex barred trespassers, nothing suggested the driver was a trespasser. Ewell held no reasonable suspicion of trespassing could arise under these circumstances.

We fail to see how the residential apartment complex in Ewell can be sensibly analogized to a closed, unlit commercial restaurant. Apartment complexes do not close for the night. Residents and guests come and go as they please. Restaurants, on the other hand, can and do close to everyone. Patrons do not come and go from a closed, unlit restaurant in the middle of the night. That fact alone, coupled with the patrons-only restriction, suggested Raab had no authority to be there. The holding in Ewell, therefore, warranted a different conclusion because it rested on fundamentally different circumstances —providing an apt illustration of the general rule that, "because the mosaic which is analyzed for a reasonable-suspicion or probable-cause inquiry is multifaceted, `one determination will seldom be a useful precedent for another.'" Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 698, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1662, 134...