Raines v. State

• Decision Date: 13 March 2000
• Docket Number: No. A99A2071.,A99A2071.
• Citation: 242 Ga. App. 727,531 S.E.2d 158
• Parties: RAINES v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

531 S.E.2d 158

242 Ga. App. 727

RAINES v. The STATE.

No. A99A2071.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

March 13, 2000.

George D. Bush, Augusta, for appellant.

Daniel J. Craig, District Attorney, Nancy B. Johnson, Charles R. Sheppard, Assistant District Attorneys, for appellee. POPE, Presiding Judge.

Bernard Lee Raines represented himself at trial and was convicted on one count of robbery by intimidation. He was sentenced to ten years. On appeal Raines asserts that he was denied his constitutional right to counsel.

On the day of his trial, Raines appeared without counsel and stated that he intended to defend himself. The trial court asked Raines why he had not gotten a lawyer. Raines replied that he could not afford one. He stated that he had talked to several lawyers, but they would not represent him. In response to the court's further inquiries, Raines repeatedly stated he could not get an attorney because he did not have enough money to pay one.

The trial court then asked: "And to that extent, do you understand that you probably need a lawyer to represent you, you're charged with a very serious crime?" Raines responded by saying that he understood but after reading over the evidence he could defend himself. The state then asked the court to apprise him of the dangers of self-representation, and the court stated:

More particularly, you don't know the procedure, you don't know the—you're not an expert in the law to be able to represent yourself, Mr. Raines; do you understand that? And you understand that consequently, you can end up, if you are found guilty going to jail?

Raines replied affirmatively, and the court found that Raines understood the dangers and chose to represent himself, stating: "He's aware of the dangers—that he can go to jail because he's not aware of the intricacies in representing—and the procedures." The court again asked Raines if he understood, and Raines responded affirmatively.

Then, after voir dire, but before the trial began, the trial court stated that "having your own lawyer is a very important constitutional right" before again asking Raines if he was waiving his right. Raines replied in the affirmative.

At the state's request, the trial court also adopted the finding of the county's indigent defense office that Raines was not indigent. And based upon the state's representation of the case history and a letter from counsel briefly employed by Raines, the trial court found that Raines had not acted diligently in seeking to obtain counsel.

1. Raines first asserts that the trial court erred in finding that he waived his right to counsel. We agree.

Because Raines was charged with a crime, in this case a felony, for which imprisonment is a penalty, he had a constitutional right to counsel, subject only to a voluntary and knowing waiver. Heard v. State, 236 Ga.App. 625, 626, 513 S.E.2d 35 (1999). And whether there was a voluntary and knowing waiver must be considered in light of the circumstances of the case:

The determination of whether there has been an intelligent waiver of the right to counsel must depend, in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused. [Cit.]

(Punctuation omitted.) Coppolla v. State, 238 Ga.App. 567, 573(2), 519 S.E.2d 494 (1999).

When Raines appeared for trial without counsel, the trial court had the duty to ensure that Raines had been informed of the right to counsel and the dangers of proceeding pro se and further that he had made an informed waiver of his rights. Coppolla v. State, 238 Ga.App. at 573(2), 519 S.E.2d 494. On appeal, the state has the burden of demonstrating from the record that Raines "received sufficient information and guidance from the trial court upon which to knowingly and intelligently relinquish this right." Hamilton v. State, 233 Ga.App. 463, 467(1)(b), 504 S.E.2d 236 (1998). Although Georgia courts do not require that a trial court recite any "magic language," the record must reflect that the accused was made aware of the dangers of self-representation:

To be valid, the waiver must be made with an apprehension of the nature of the charges, the statutory offenses included within them, the range of allowable punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and circumstances in mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the matter.

(Citation omitted.) McDowell v. State, 239 Ga.App. 667, 669(1), 522 S.E.2d 44 (1999).

In this instance, the trial court did little more than tell Raines that because he was unfamiliar with law and procedure, he ran the risk of going to jail if he chose to proceed without a lawyer.¹ We find the trial court's statements to be insufficient to inform Raines of the risks he faced in representing himself on a charge of robbery. Nothing in the record reflects that the trial court sought to determine that Raines was aware of any of the factors necessary to make a knowing waiver, including the nature of the charge (other than it was serious), any lesser included offenses, the potential punishment, or any possible defenses or mitigating circumstances.

Moreover, given Raines' repeated assertions that he could not afford an attorney, it is likely he chose to represent himself "because he believed he did not qualify for a court-appointed attorney and he could not afford to retain a private attorney." Martin v. State, 240 Ga.App. 246, 248(1), 523 S.E.2d 84 (1999). See also Flanagan v. State, 218 Ga.App. 598, 600, 462 S.E.2d 469 (1995). Under these circumstances, we find that Raines did not make a knowing and voluntary waiver of his right to counsel. See Hasty v. State, 215 Ga.App. 155, 159(2), 450 S.E.2d 278 (1994).

And even though the evidence against Raines was substantial, we cannot hold that the error was harmless. The record does not indicate that Raines had been through any prior legal proceedings, and the trial transcript reflects Raines' inexperience in legal matters. For example, he failed to ask any questions on voir dire; he raised no objections; and he failed to request any jury charges, including a charge that his failure to testify could not be used against him, even though the trial court had earlier informed him of his rights in that regard. Because we cannot conclude that Raines' conviction was "independent of his decision to represent himself," we reverse the judgment of the trial court below and remand for a new trial. Prater v. State, 220 Ga.App. 506, 509, 469 S.E.2d 780 (1996).

2. We next address Raines' claim that the trial court erred in failing to conduct an inquiry as to his indigence and thus whether he was entitled to appointed counsel. While we are aware that a trial court's determination regarding a defendant's indigent status is not subject to review, we may inquire into whether the trial court followed the proper procedure in making that determination. Hawkins v. State, 222 Ga.App. 461, 462(1), 474...