Raskin v. Compania de Vapores Realma, SP

• Decision Date: 31 August 1981
• Docket Number: No. 79 Civ. 4275 (HFW).,79 Civ. 4275 (HFW).
• Citation: 521 F. Supp. 337
• Parties: Alex RASKIN, as Executor of the Estate of Nettie Raskin, deceased, Plaintiff, v. COMPANIA de VAPORES REALMA, S.P., Thomson Cruises, a/k/a Thomson Holidays, Ltd. and N & J Vlassopulos, Ltd., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Southern District of New York

521 F. Supp. 337

Alex RASKIN, as Executor of the Estate of Nettie Raskin, deceased, Plaintiff, v. COMPANIA de VAPORES REALMA, S.P., Thomson Cruises, a/k/a Thomson Holidays, Ltd. and N & J Vlassopulos, Ltd., Defendants.

No. 79 Civ. 4275 (HFW).

United States District Court, S. D. New York.

August 31, 1981.

David Weicholz, Brooklyn, N. Y., for plaintiff; Neil Cohen, Brooklyn, N. Y., of counsel.

Mendes & Mount, New York City, for defendant Thomson; Bernard J. Tansey, New York City, of counsel.

Heidell, Pittoni & Moran, P. C., New York City, for defendants Compania and Vlassopulos; William M. Kimball, New York City, of counsel.

OPINION

WERKER, District Judge.

Plaintiff's decedent commenced this action to recover for personal injuries sustained in August 1976 while she was a passenger aboard the S.S. Ithaca. Damages are sought from Compania de Vapores Realma, S.P. ("Compania"), the owner and operator; Thomson Cruises, a/k/a Thomson Holidays, Ltd. ("Thomson"), the charterer; and N & J Vlassopulos, Ltd. ("N & J").¹ Jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Defendant Thomson has moved to dismiss the complaint against it pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(5) and 12(b)(2) on the grounds of insufficiency of service of process and lack of personal jurisdiction.² In addition, all three defendants have moved for summary judgment pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, contending that the suit is time barred by an enforceable contractual period of limitations.

DISCUSSION

Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

Before this Court may address any motion directed to the merits, it must initially rule on the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Prezzi v. Schelter, 469 F.2d 691, 692 (2d Cir. 1972) (per curiam), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 935, 93 S.Ct. 1911, 36 L.Ed.2d 396 (1973); Arrowsmith v. United Press International, 320 F.2d 219, 221 (2d Cir. 1963) (en banc). In a diversity action such as this, the law of the forum state determines whether a foreign corporation is amenable to suit in New York. Arrowsmith v. United Press International, 320 F.2d at 223. Accordingly, Thomson contends that jurisdiction may not be predicated upon N.Y.Civ.Prac.Law § 301 (McKinney 1972) because it is not doing business in New York "with a fair measure of permanence and continuity." Tauza v. Susquehanna Coal Co., 220 N.Y. 259, 267, 115 N.E. 915, 917 (1917).

Counsel for Thomson, has submitted an affidavit in support of its Rule 12(b)(2) motion.³ The affidavit states that Thomson is an English corporation which does not maintain a New York office, telephone, or bank account. Additionally, the affiant avers that Thomson does not advertise or conduct any business in New York. Finally, the affidavit asserts that Thomson does not derive any revenue from activities within the State of New York nor is it licensed to do business there. Rather than disputing these assertions, plaintiff has simply contended that "an attorney's affidavit is insufficient as to knowledge of the contracts sic, if any, between Thomson Holiday, Ltd., and New York State." Affirm. in Opp. at 2.

I initially note that plaintiff has failed to file a memorandum of law in opposition to Thomson's motion. Pursuant to Local Rule 3(b) this is sufficient cause to grant the motion by default. I will, however, address the merits of defendant's motion and caution plaintiff that strict compliance with the Local Rules will henceforth be required.

Courts in this Circuit have consistently held that affidavits may be properly relied upon when ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. China Union Lines, Ltd. v. American Marine Underwriters, Inc., 454 F.Supp. 198, 199 (S.D.N.Y.1978); Marketing Showcase, Inc. v. Alberto-Culver Co., 445 F.Supp. 755, 759 (S.D.N.Y.1978); Lynn v. Cohen, 359 F.Supp. 565, 566 (S.D.N.Y.1973). Indeed, the practice has become so well established that rules have been formulated to guide the courts in their consideration of such affidavits. Those premised upon personal knowledge are credited over contradictory affidavits based upon information and belief, and facts presented in opposition to jurisdictional allegations are deemed more reliable than contentions proffered in support of jurisdiction. Leasco Data Processing Equipment Corp. v. Maxwell, 319 F.Supp. 1256, 1260 (S.D.N.Y.1970), vacated on other grounds, 468 F.2d 1326 (2d Cir. 1972). While affidavits must be considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, American Contract Designers, Inc. v. Cliffside, Inc., 458 F.Supp. 735, 737 (S.D.N.Y. 1978), there does not appear to be any blanket prohibition against the use of an attorney's affidavit.

Plaintiff bears the burden of establishing this Court's personal jurisdiction over defendant. E. g., Saraceno v. S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc., 83 F.R.D. 65, 66 n.1 (S.D.N.Y.1979); Ghazoul v. International Management Services, Inc., 398 F.Supp. 307, 310 n.1 (S.D.N.Y.1975). Where, as here, the motion to dismiss is supported by an affidavit, the opposing party may not rest upon the allegations in his complaint. Weller v. Cromwell Oil Co., 504 F.2d 927, 929-30 (6th Cir. 1974); Oddi v. Mariner-Denver, Inc., 461 F.Supp. 306, 310 (S.D.Ind. 1978); see Chlebda v. H. E. Fortna & Brother, Inc., 609 F.2d 1022, 1024 (1st Cir. 1979). His response must contain specific facts upon which the exercise of in personam jurisdiction may be predicated. Weller v. Cromwell Oil Co., 504 F.2d at 927; Oddi v. Mariner-Denver, Inc., 461 F.Supp. at 306. Plaintiff's response is simply devoid of such facts. Indeed, the papers submitted in opposition to this motion do not state whether plaintiff's assertion of jurisdiction over Thomson is based upon either N.Y.Civ. Prac.Law § 301 or N.Y.Civ.Prac.Law § 302. Under these circumstances, it is clear that plaintiff has failed to sustain his burden of demonstrating that Thomson is within the personal jurisdiction of this Court. Accordingly, Thomson's Rule 12(b)(2) motion is granted.⁴

Summary Judgment Motion

Defendants' summary judgment motion is premised upon an allegedly enforceable contractual period of limitations. The passenger cruise ticket issued to Nettie Raskin contained a term whereby any claim against the owner would be time barred unless a suit was instituted within one year from the date the cause of action accrued. See 46 U.S.C. § 183b(a). Because Ms. Raskin concededly failed to institute this suit within the contractual period of limitations, the disposition of defendants' motion for summary judgment turns upon whether "the steamship line had done all it reasonably could to warn the passenger that the terms and conditions were important matters of contract affecting her legal rights." Silvestri v. Italia Societa Per Azioni Di Navigazione, 388 F.2d 11, 17 (2d Cir. 1968); see The Majestic, 166 U.S. 375, 385, 17 S.Ct. 597, 601, 41 L.Ed. 1039 (1897).

The leading authority in this Circuit for a determination of whether the limitation of time, as noted on a ticket, within which a passenger may bring an action for personal injuries is incorporated in a contract of passage is Silvestri. The ticket in Silvestri contained a "box" with the words "PASSAGE CONTRACT" in the upper right-hand corner. Although most of the captions within the "box" appeared either in bold face or capital letters, there was one significant exception. In the upper left-hand corner the statement "subject to the conditions printed on the cover of this ticket which form part of this contract" appeared in regular lower case type. The statement was located to the left of a caption in capital letters and immediately below one in bold face type. This arrangement only served to increase the inconspicuousness of the notice. Two "leaves" which formed an integral part of the ticket contained thirty-five numbered paragraphs of terms and conditions. Hidden within one of these paragraphs was a contractual limitation similar to the one relied upon by the defendants in the instant case. The paragraphs were set in very small print and were preceded by the bold-face caption "TERMS AND CONDITIONS." Noting that nothing whatever had been done to impress the importance of these provisions upon the passenger, Judge Friendly concluded that the draftsmen could have produced a warning that was "significantly more eye-catching than this." 388 F.2d at 17-18.

A fair reading of Silvestri requires a carrier to apprise the passenger of both the existence and importance of contractual periods of limitation in order to find the restrictions enforceable. Miller v. Lykes Brothers Steamship Co., 467 F.2d 464, 466 (5th Cir. 1972); see DeNicola v. Cunard Line Ltd., 642 F.2d 5, 10 & n.11 (1st Cir. 1981). Thus, in order for the conditions to be incorporated into the contract of carriage, the ticket must reasonably communicate their importance to the passenger. Gardner v. Greek Line, 388 F.Supp. 856, 858 (M.D.Pa.1975); McQuillan v. "Italia" Societa Per Azione Di Navigazione, 386 F.Supp. 462, 466 (S.D.N.Y.1974), aff'd, 516 F.2d 896 (2d Cir. 1975).⁵ Even if the condition appears in the body proper of the contract, a court should nevertheless inquire whether the reader's attention was called to the fine print. See Ager v. D/S/A Den Norske Afrika-Og Australielinie Wilhelmsens Dampskibsaktielselskab, 336 F.Supp. 1187, 1188 (S.D.N.Y.1972); see generally DeNicola v. Cunard Line Ltd., 642 F.2d at 10 n.11. Regardless of the adequacy of the notice, however, a passenger would not be bound by a provision "written so lutulently and printed in such small type as to be virtually incomprehensible." Gardner v. Greek Line, 388 F.Supp. at 858. Proper application of these standards necessitates a description of the ticket format employed by the Ulysses Line in the case at bar.

The ticket conditions are contained in thirteen enumerated paragraphs which are printed in two columns on the flip side of the cover. Though the heading "SHIP TICKET CONDITIONS" has been set in bold face...