Rathbun v. Robson

• Decision Date: 07 April 1983
• Docket Number: No. 82-222,82-222
• Parties: Lowell A. RATHBUN, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Gary G. ROBSON, George A. Carlson and Eleanor L. Carlson, et al., Defendants and Respondents.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

Page 850

661 P.2d 850

203 Mont. 319

Lowell A. RATHBUN, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Gary G. ROBSON, George A. Carlson and Eleanor L. Carlson, et

al., Defendants and Respondents.

No. 82-222.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted on Briefs Feb. 10, 1983.

Decided April 7, 1983.

[203 Mont. 320] Jon A. Oldenburg, Lewistown, for plaintiff and appellant.

Lynaugh, Fitzgerald & Skaggs; William P. Fitzgerald, Billings, for defendants and respondents.

HARRISON, Justice.

This case comes from the District Court of the Fourteenth Judicial District, County of Musselshell. Plaintiff commenced this action seeking a judgment declaring him to be the holder of an easement across property owned by defendants. At the trial court, and in this Court, two easement theories were presented; easement by prescription, and easement by necessity. The District Court held against plaintiff in both instances. Additionally, we are asked to decide whether the court erred in verbatim adoption, and by photographic reproduction, the defendant's findings of fact and conclusion of law.

Appellant is the owner of a tract of land described as the east 1/2 of the west 1/2 of section 34. The attached map shows appellant's property and the claimed easement route.

Appellant has held an interest in the land since 1957 when his mother, Mrs. Rathbun, transferred ownership to him and his brother. Since that time, appellant has become the sole owner. There are two routes to the property; a western access route over which appellant claims an easement, and an eastern route which is steep and seasonally impassable. Use of either route requires one to cross property owned by at least one of the respondents. In other words, appellant's property is land-locked.

The land was initially purchased from Musselshell County in 1934 by T.D. Cox. The purchase by Cox included the west 1/2 of the west 1/2 of section 34; however, in 1942 that portion was sold by Cox and was eventually transferred to respondents Jerry Carlson and Kathleen Beslanowitch. It is over this portion that appellant claims an easement by necessity.

From 1934 to 1946 Cox lived on section 34. In the 1930's he conducted farming and logging operations. During these years he used the western access route frequently. In 1946 he sold the land to Mrs. Rathbun, appellant's mother. She owned the land until 1957. During these eleven years the land was vacant. Her visits to the property were characterized by the court as sporadic and intermittent.

Appellant has never lived on the property. Much of the time since 1957, appellant has resided out-of-state. He has visited the land on the average of once or twice a year, and there were years in which he would make no visit. These visits were made to "check the property." Appellant owns other nonadjoining land in the vicinity which is leased for agricultural purposes, however, concerning the land in section 34, neither appellant nor his lessee have used the land for any productive use.

This dispute arose in the late 1970's when a real estate agent on behalf of appellant went to view the property. The agent learned that appellant's title did not include an easement. The testimony indicates that appellant wished to subdivide and sell the parcels. The respondents did not agree with this proposed land use and made their feelings known. The respondent's position was that any access across their land was permissive, and there could be no access to any subdivision. However, the respondents also testified that if appellant wished to put the land to other productive uses, such as logging or mining or agricultural purposes, they would allow access.

To establish an easement by prescription the burden is on the moving party The District Court concluded that use of the western access route from 1934 to the present time has been permissive, therefore any presumption of adverse use was effectively rebutted. We agree.

to show several elements. He or his predecessors in interest must have used the route openly, notoriously, exclusively, adversely, continuously and uninterrupted for the full statutory period. Scott v. Weinheimer (1962), 140 Mont. 554, 374 P.2d 91. Once the moving party establishes these elements adverse use is presumed and the burden is then on the owner to show that the use was permissive. O'Connor v. Brodie (1969), 153 Mont. 129, 454 P.2d 920; Glantz v. Gabel (1923), 66 Mont. 134, 212 P. 858. If the owner shows permissive use, no easement can be acquired since the theory of prescriptive easement is based on adverse use. Wilson v. Chestnut (1974), 164 Mont. 484, 525 P.2d 24.

There was evidence to indicate permissive use beginning in 1934. Several witnesses testified concerning local customs that began in the homesteading days concerning access across another's land. There existed an understanding among landowners that permission was not required every time a person needed to cross his neighbor's land. Permission was automatic if the individual closed the gates and respected his neighbor's property.

" ' * * * A use of a neighbor's land based upon mere neighborly accommodation or courtesy is not adverse and cannot ripen into a prescriptive easement. Thus where the use of a way by a neighbor was by express or implied permission of the owner, it was held that the continuous use of the way by the neighbor was not adverse and did not ripen into a prescriptive right * * * ' " Wilson v. Chestnut, 164 Mont. at 491, 525 P.2d at 27. (Citing 2 Thompson on Real Property (1961 Replacement), Easements, Sec. 345). See also Ewan v. Stenberg (1975), 168 Mont. 63, 541 P.2d 60.

Evidence of this local custom, without more, was sufficient to establish permissive use. In Taylor v. Petranek (1977), 173 Mont. 433, 438, 568 P.2d 120, 123, this Court stated:

"Here the record is replete with testimony from both plaintiff's and defendant's witnesses that the homesteaders who initially lived in the area developed common practice of allowing others to cross their lands to reach Suffolk. This evidence is sufficient to support a use permissive in its inception and not under a claim of right."

Notwithstanding local custom, there was other evidence to show that use of the western access began and remained permissive. There were several instances of control exercised by respondents and their predecessors; the first occurred in 1934 when both forks of the western access at the Goulding Creek Road were locked by the Robsons. Apparently, the gates were left open and cattle got loose. There were two other gates established and maintained by respondents. On the map they are designated as g-1 and g-2. In the early 1960's J.W. Travis, who then owned the west 1/2 of the...