Reichert v. Draud

• Decision Date: 10 March 1983
• Docket Number: 81-5425,Nos. 81-5367,s. 81-5367
• Citation: 701 F.2d 1168
• Parties: 113 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 3439, 9 Ed. Law Rep. 1137 Ida REICHERT and Ludlow Education Association, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Cross-Appellees, v. Jon E. DRAUD, et al., Defendants-Appellees, Cross-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 1168

701 F.2d 1168

113 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 3439, 9 Ed. Law Rep. 1137

Ida REICHERT and Ludlow Education Association Plaintiffs-Appellants, Cross-Appellees, v. Jon E. DRAUD, et al., Defendants-Appellees, Cross-Appellants.

Nos. 81-5367, 81-5425.

United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit.

Argued Jan. 27, 1983.

Decided March 10, 1983.

Arthur L. Brooks, Lexington, Ky., James Brudney (argued), Michael H. Gottesman, Bredhoff, Gottesman, Cohen, Chanin, Weinberg & Petramalo, Washington, D.C., for plaintiffs-appellants, cross-appellees.

Robert E. Ruberg (argued), O'Hara, Ruberg, Osborne & Taylor, William Bubenzer, Covington, Ky., Phillip P. Durand, Ambrose, Wilson & Grimm, Knoxville, Tenn., for defendants-appellees, cross-appellants.

Before KEITH and KRUPANSKY, Circuit Judges, and PHILLIPS, Senior Circuit Judge.

PHILLIPS, Senior Circuit Judge.

This action was filed under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 by Mrs. Ida Reichert (referred to herein as the appellant) and Ludlow Education Association against the Board of Education of Ludlow, Kentucky, Jon E. Draud, Superintendent of the Ludlow School System, Robert Taylor, Principal of Ludlow High School, and Ronald Jones and Ralph Dillard, members of the Board of Education, charging violations of First Amendment rights.

Plaintiffs sought injunctive relief and Mrs. Reichert also sued for $100,000 in compensatory damages and $100,000 in punitive damages against the individual defendants.

The Ludlow Education Association (LEA) is a voluntary association of teachers. Appellant served as president of LEA for several years and was serving in this capacity at the time the complaint was filed. The Ludlow school system consists of from five to six hundred students and approximately 50 teachers, including a high school, junior high school and elementary school. Appellant had been teaching psychology and English at Ludlow High School for more than 17 years and also served as speech and drama coach. On April 30, 1980, she was called to the office of appellee Taylor, the high school principal, and informed that one change was being made in her teaching schedule for the following year--that she would teach a class in eighth grade English instead of her class in psychology. The district court found that this change in schedule involved no reduction in rank, no actual or potential loss of income, and no formally adverse personal action. It was the only change announced then in appellant's schedule. The district court found that no other changes were anticipated by the school administration at that time. Appellant then resigned as speech and drama coach. The principal urged that she reconsider her resignation and pointed out that it was customary for the speech and drama coach to teach a class in speech and drama and, therefore, if appellant resigned as coach, other changes in her schedule would be required. Later appellant was urged by the principal, the superintendent of education and the board of education to reconsider her resignation as speech and drama coach. When she refused to do so, a new speech and drama teacher and coach was employed and appellant was given other assignments. The district court found that these later changes in her schedule were not the proximate result of First Amendment activities, but were caused by appellant's resignation as speech and drama coach.

The district court further found that "there was no satisfactory proof that this single course change would result in a chilling effect on free speech among teachers in the school system, and that, therefore, there was no actionable First Amendment violation." The complaint, therefore, was dismissed.

Appellant asked to be reinstated to her former assignment as teacher of psychology. The request was denied. The district court found that, even though the initial schedule change was not caused by appellant's exercise of First Amendment rights, the refusal of school authorities to grant her request for restoration to her former course of teaching psychology was motivated by unconstitutional retaliation for the exercise of First Amendment rights. Despite the latter holding, the action was dismissed.

Appellant and LEA appeal, challenging the validity of the decision of the district court as a matter of law. The appellee school officials cross-appeal from the finding of the district court that failure to grant appellant's request to be reinstated to her original psychology teaching schedule was motivated by improper or unconstitutional retaliation for her exercise of First Amendment rights.

Reference is made to the published decision of the district court, 511 F.Supp. 679 (E.D.Ky.1981) for a detailed recitation of pertinent facts.

We affirm the decision of the district court in dismissing the complaint on authority of Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977) and Hilderbrand v. Board of Trustees of Michigan State University, 662 F.2d 439 (6th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 910, 102 S.Ct. 1760, 72 L.Ed.2d 168 (1982).

In Hilderbrand, this court set forth the proper approach in such cases in three steps:

(1) The threshold question is whether the plaintiff's conduct deserves constitutional protection. 662 F.2d at 442.

(2) If the court finds that an employee's conduct was protected by the first amendment, the finder of fact must determine whether [the action taken was] because he engaged in the protected conduct. The employee's protected conduct must be a "substantial factor" or a "motivating factor" in the employer's decision. 662 F.2d at 443.

(3) Once the employee meets this burden [as outlined in 2 above] the burden is on the employer to prove that the action the employee is complaining about would have taken place absent the protected conduct. Id. pp. 442-3.

As to the first Hilderbrand question, the district court found that appellant's representation of LEA and other teachers at board meetings, in the press, and in conferences with school administrators was a protected First Amendment activity, citing Columbus Educational Association v. Columbus City School District, 623 F.2d 1155 (6th Cir.1980). With respect to the second Hilderbrand question set forth above, the district court found that appellant's First Amendment activities were not a substantial or motivating factor in the action of the school officials in changing her teaching schedule from a class in psychology to a class in English.

With respect to the third Hilderbrand question, the district court made findings of fact demonstrating that the change in appellant's teaching schedule would have taken place absent her protected First Amendment conduct. Included in the oral findings of fact of the district court, announced from the bench, were the following:

In December 1979, a Mr. David Stamm, who was a teacher working for one year at least as assistant principal and also doing some graduate work at Xavier University, undertook to revise the high school teaching schedule, both for whatever assistance it might be to the administration, particularly Mr. Taylor, and also to further his work at Xavier University and receive some credit toward an advanced degree. It wasn't an internship exactly--but he was trying to do something practical and also improve his academic standing as well. Substantial revisions were required in the schedule.

The court believes Mr. Stamm and accepts his testimony that at this time he was not conscious of any controversy. It had not arisen yet. The court accepts that there had to be a reduction in the number of teachers. At least they thought there did at that time. This is demonstrated by the statement of Dr. Draud to a board meeting.

It shows in the minutes that several positions had to be eliminated. This was not part of the controversy, but it is part of some report Dr. Draud was making to the board. This is also shown by the deposition of Mr. Scheuer, the professor at Xavier University, who said that as part of the background for the paper, Mr. Stamm told him he had to revise a schedule where several positions had to be eliminated. This could not be something that they would have made up to tell Mr. Scheuer, because this controversy could not have been anticipated. All of this was before the controversy between LEA and the administration arose.

Mr. Stamm, who made up this initial schedule, did at that time schedule Mrs. Reichert to be taken out of the psychology class and receive a class in eighth-grade English. He did this because it met his academic goals. At that time, that was all he was concerned about. He did not consult the individual teachers involved in the schedule. By previous arrangement, he was to give the results to Mr. Taylor. This work continued on into January of 1980. The primary significance I place on this is the time it occurred and the fact that neither Stamm nor Scheuer at Xavier saw anything objectively demeaning or degrading about this one schedule change--it was all done outside of the controversy--neither did the other administrators that worked on the schedule. The court accepts that testimony.

Thus the district court found, and the evidence in the record demonstrates, that the decision to change appellant's teaching schedule was made before the beginning of the controversy between her and school officials. From the record it appears that the school system was facing budget problems. The school principal (appellee Robert Taylor), assistant principal David Stamm and Mark Modlin, an assistant professor of sociology at Northern Kentucky University, were in charge of evaluating teaching schedules and recommending changes to be made. They projected in 1979 that, due to declining enrollment, it would be necessary for the school board to eliminate one and one-half teaching positions for the 1980 school year. The schedule changes were made to adjust to this cutback in teaching personnel. The schedules of a number of other...