Ricciardi v. Aniero Concrete Co., Inc.

• Decision Date: 04 December 1973
• Citation: 64 N.J. 60,312 A.2d 139
• Parties: Anthony M. RICCIARDI, Petitioner-Respondent, v. ANIERO CONCRETE COMPANY, INCORPORATED, Respondent-Appellant.
• Court: New Jersey Supreme Court

Page 60

64 N.J. 60

312 A.2d 139

Anthony M. RICCIARDI, Petitioner-Respondent, v. ANIERO CONCRETE COMPANY, INCORPORATED, Respondent-Appellant.

Supreme Court of New Jersey.

Argued Nov. 7, 1973.

Decided Dec. 4, 1973.

Bruce P. Miller, South Orange, for respondent-appellant (William K. Miller, South Orange, attorney).

Alfred E. La Brecque, Jr., Red Bank, for petitioner-respondent.

PER CURIAM.

The Division of Workmen's Compensation allowed, and the Appellate Division by a divided court affirmed an award of compensation to petitioner in respect of injuries sustained while driving home from his employment. The appeal is here as of right because of the dissent. Const. of 1947, Art. VI, Sec. V, par. 1(b).

Petitioner, a carpenter living at West Keansburg, was working for respondent at a construction site in Hackensack, and complained to the employer that his auto trip back and forth to work was becoming costly. The employer thereupon agreed to defray his tolls on the Garden State Parkway, amounting to $10 weekly. Petitioner estimated the total out-of-pocket cost of traveling to work by car at $25 weekly. His wages at the time of the accident were $8 per hour plus overtime ($325.60 per week). The accident occurred shortly after the making of the arrangement mentioned.

Compensation was allowed by the tribunals below on the basis of the exception to the 'going and coming' rule comprised by the situation where the employer furnishes actual transportation to the employee for the trip to or from home or reimburses him his expenses therefor.

The doctrinal basis for the exception is that the employer actually or presumptively gains a benefit from the transportation under such circumstances. See Micieli v. Erie Railroad Co., 130 N.J.L. 448, 452, 33 A.2d 586 (Sup.Ct.1943), aff'd 131 N.J.L. 427, 37 A.2d 123 (E. & A.1944). In all the cases thus far decided in New Jersey in which compensation was allowed, except one, the employer had provided the transportation for or defrayed the whole cost of, that portion of the trip during which the accident had occurred, ¹ E.g., Fisher v. Tidewater Building Co., 96 N.J.L. 103, 114 A. 150 (Sup.Ct.1921), aff'd o.b. 97 N.J.L. 324, 116 A. 924 (E. & A. 1922); Lehigh Navigation Coal Co. v. McGonnell, 120 N.J.L. 428, 199 A. 906 (Sup.Ct.1938), aff'd o.b. 121 N.J.L. 583, 3 A.2d 581 (E. & A.1939); Green v. Bell Cleaners, 65 N.J.Super. 311, 167 A.2d 815 (App.Div.1961), aff'd 35 N.J. 596, 174 A.2d 474 (1961); Rainear v. Rainear, 63 N.J. 276, 278, 307 A.2d 72 (1973). Previous formulations of the exception by this Court have been in terms clearly contemplating that it encompasses the employer either providing the transportation or paying for it, free of any implication that payment of only part would suffice. See Ricciardi v. Damar Products Co., 45 N.J. 54, 61, 211 A.2d 347 (1965); Rainear v. Rainear, Supra (63 N.J. at 278, 307 A.2d 72); Jasaitis v. Paterson, 31 N.J. 81, 84, 155 A.2d 260 (1959).

The exceptional case mentioned above is Pearce v. N.J. Highway Authority, 122 N.J.Super. 342, 300 A.2d 358 (App.Div.1973), where, as here, recovery was allowed although the employer, the agency owning and operating the Garden State Parkway, reimbursed the employee only for toll expense on the Parkway, not for the total travel expense from home to job. ²

We conclude, after study of all of the cases, that the rationale of the exception to the going and coming rule under discussion can be sustained only in those situations where, if the employee travels by car, the employer reimburses him for all or substantially all of the total expense involved. Anything less would border so closely upon the noncompensable area where the arrangement is really part of the work-remuneration rather than provision for transportation as to render the rule impracticable of judicial administration and of but ephemeral foundation in any significant Nexus between the journey and the employment. Cf. Watkins v. Cowenhoven, 90 N.J.Super. 17, 216 A.2d 15 (App.Div.1965), certif. den. 46 N.J. 538, 218 A.2d 405 (1966); 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation (1972) § 16.30. The arrangement here does not qualify, the employer reimbursing the employee to the extent of only 40% Of the travel expense involved.

Reversed.

For reversal: Justices HALL, SULLIVAN and CLIFFORD and Judges CONFORD and COLLESTER--5.

For affirmance: Justices JACOBS and PASHMAN--2.

JACOBS, J. (dissenting):

Travel to and from work is an essential part of the job and so are its hazards. See Ricciardi v. Damar Products Co., 45 N.J. 54, 61, 211 A.2d 347 (1965). That being so, there would appear to be no just reason for denying compensation to an employee who is accidently injured while on his way to or from work. Accordingly, I would, as I have indicated in my writings both early and late, abandon the so-called 'going and coming rule' which has often resulted in the denial of compensation for injuries suffered en route. See Moosebrugger v. Prospect Presbyterian Church, 12 N.J. 212, 216--221, 96 A.2d 401 (1953); Hornyak v. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 63 N.J. 99, 105--107, 305 A.2d 65 (1973); Cf. Hammond v. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 56 N.J. 7, 11--14, 264 A.2d 204 (1970); Bergman v. Parnes Brothers, Inc., 58 N.J. 559, 563, 279 A.2d 660 (1971). Though the courts have thus far declined to abandon the rule they have repeatedly acknowledged its harshness and have created exceptions which have become so numerous as to have almost 'swallowed the rule.' Hammond, supra, 56 N.J. at 12, 264 A.2d 204.

One of the exceptions, as set forth in 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation § 16.30 (1972), permits compensation where there has been 'a deliberate and substantial payment for the expense of travel' to and from work. Unlike the majority's per curiam here, Dean Larson does not suggest that the payment must be for 'all or substantially all of the total expense involved.' I see no reason why it must. See Costa v. New York State Workmen's Compensation Board, 34 A.D.2d 585, 308 N.Y.S.2d 93, 94 (1970):

The general rule is that risks of travel to and from work are not risks of employment. (Matter of DeVoe v. New York State Rys., 218 N.Y. 318, 113 N.E. 256, L.R.A.1917A, 250). There are certain exceptions as where the employee is an 'outside' employee, (Matter of Fonze v. Stuyvesant Oil Burner Corp., 10 A.D.2d 761, 197 N.Y.S.2d 496), where the employee is traveling or transportation is provided or paid in part by the employer, (Matter of Macaluso v. Alexander, Shumway & Utz Co., 11 A.D.2d 838, 203 N.Y.S.2d 106 mot. for lv. to app. den. 8 N.Y.2d 708, 206 N.Y.S.2d 1026, 169 N.E.2d 926), or where the employee has been directed to perform a 'special errand' for his employer on his way to work. (Matter of Respole v. Schorr, 25 A.D.2d 581, 266 N.Y.S.2d 863; Matter of Charak v. Leddy, 23 A.D.2d 437, 261 N.Y.S.2d 486; Matter of Mason v. New York Abstract Co., 11 A.D.2d 569, 200 N.Y.S.2d 677.) 308 N.Y.S.2d at 94.

There is no New Jersey precedent which either expressly or impliedly supports the suggestion that a partial though deliberate and substantial payment towards travel expense is legally insufficient to bring the matter within the exception. Jasaitis v. Paterson, 31 N.J. 81, 155 A.2d 260 (1959), Ricciardi v. Damar Products Co., Supra, 45 N.J. 54, 211 A.2d 347, and Rainear v. Rainear, 63 N.J. 276, 307 A.2d 72 (1973), relied on in the per curiam, are not pertinent since they were not concerned with and did not in anywise deal with the issue. In Filson v. Bell Tel. Labs., Inc., 82 N.J.Super. 185, 197 A.2d 196 (App.Div.1964), the employee received a mileage allowance; in Micieli v. Erie Railroad Co., 130 N.J.L. 448, 33 A.2d 586 (Sup.Ct.1943), aff'd, 131 N.J.L. 427, 37 A.2d 123 (E. & A.1944), he received a railroad pass; and in Lehigh Navigation Coal Co. v. McGonnell, 120 N.J.L. 428, 199 A. 906 (Sup.Ct.1938), aff'd, 121 N.J.L. 583, 3 A.2d 581 (E. & A.1939), he received reimbursement for his commutation ticket. In each instance the exception was deemed applicable without any judicial inquiry as to whether all or only part of the employee's actual travel expense was being borne by the employer. Similarly out-of-state decisions applying the exception have not turned on any suggestion that the employer's payment represented all rather than part of the expense. See Macaluso v. Alexander, Shumway & Utz Co., 11 A.D.2d 838, 203 N.Y.S.2d 106, mot. for lv. to app. den. 8 N.Y.2d 708, 206 N.Y.S.2d 1026, 169 N.E.2d 926 (1960); Cf. U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Donovan, 94 U.S.App.D.C. 377, 221 F.2d 515 (D.C.Cir.1954); Williams v. Brunswick County Board of Education, 1 N.C.App....