Rice v. State

• Citation: 597 A.2d 1001,89 Md.App. 133
• Decision Date: 01 September 1990
• Docket Number: No. 1953,1953
• Parties: Dirk Anthony RICE v. STATE of Maryland. ,
• Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland

Page 133

89 Md.App. 133

597 A.2d 1001

Dirk Anthony RICE v. STATE of Maryland.

No. 1953, Sept. Term, 1990.

Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.

Nov. 1, 1991.

Certiorari Denied Feb. 12, 1992.

Annabelle L. Lisic, Asst. Atty. Gen. (J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Atty. Gen., Baltimore, and Alexander Williams, Jr., State's Atty. for Prince George's County, Upper Marlboro, on the brief), for appellee.

Clarence W. Sharp, Asst. Public Defender (Stephen E. Harris, Public Defender, on the brief), Baltimore, for appellant.

Argued before BISHOP, WENNER and CATHELL, JJ.

BISHOP, Judge.

Dirk Anthony Rice appeals from a conviction, on five counts, of cocaine related offenses, after a jury trial in Prince George's County.

ISSUES

Appellant presents three issues:

I. Whether the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress evidence both at the pretrial hearing and during the course of the trial.

II. Whether the trial court erred in admitting the testimony of the federal forensic chemist who failed to qualify as an analyst of controlled dangerous substances under Md.Cts. & Jud.Proc.Code Ann. § 10-1001 (1989).

III. Whether the trial court erred in instructing the jury on flight and concealment of evidence, and in the content of the instruction on conspiracy.

FACTS

In the summer of 1989, Sergeant P.M. Patterson of the Prince George's County Police Department received information from a confidential informant that Jamil and Jamal Wilson, twin black males, were involved in the large scale distribution of cocaine in the 3700 block of Walters Lane. According to the informant, they had a dark colored four-door Mercedes with temporary tags. Patterson discovered Jamal was currently wanted on armed robbery charges in Virginia, and both males were wanted in Prince George's County for handgun violations. This information was conveyed to the Special Operations Division, and Corporal Mills was assigned surveillance in the area of Hil-Mar Drive and Walters Lane. While on surveillance on July 12, 1989, Mills observed a dark Mercedes, four-door, with temporary tags, driven by a black male, about 20 years old, turn onto Hil-Mar Drive. Mills lost the vehicle momentarily but found it parked at the Forest Creek apartments in front of 6515 Hil-Mar Drive. About two hours later, the vehicle was driven out of the parking lot. Mills initiated a traffic stop.

Mills testified at the suppression hearing that the driver of the vehicle presented him with a drivers license and registration with the name Dirk Anthony Rice. At this point, Mills realized the driver was not Jamal Wilson, but he still thought this was the vehicle for which he was looking and that maybe one of the Wilsons, or one of their guns, was in the car. Mills asked appellant how long he had the car, and appellant responded he bought the car a couple of days ago for $26,000 cash. Mills then asked appellant if he would mind stepping out of the car and opening the trunk. According to Mills, appellant responded he would not mind and appellant opened the trunk himself. As he was opening the trunk, appellant told Mills there was $15,000 cash in the trunk which he had been saving to give his uncle, Aldre Lowry, who had been shot in the eye in Washington, D.C. Mills testified he believed the money was drug money because of the way it was bundled in rubber bands. Mills then called Corporal Tayman, also of the Prince George's County Police Department, who advised Mills there was an open file on appellant. Mills kept appellant on the scene until Tayman arrived, 30 to 40 minutes later. Mills also called for a drug dog which arrived shortly before Tayman and indicated the presence of a controlled substance on the money.

Tayman arrived and asked appellant from where he was coming. Appellant responded he had come from Crystal Garner's house at 6515 Hil-Mar Drive, Apartment 201.

Appellant's version of these events is different. Appellant testified that after Mills pulled him over, appellant was surrounded by four police cars. According to appellant, Mills did not take just his license, he took his entire wallet and his keys. Appellant testified that he told the officer he did not have authority to look in the trunk and Mills replied, "You want to bet." Mills then opened the trunk, took the money out of appellant's car, and placed it on top of the police car. Appellant testified he was told he could not go anywhere until the drug dog arrived, which was at least an hour. He also testified he could not leave since his car was surrounded by police cars, the police had his wallet and keys, and they were searching his car.

When Tayman arrived, appellant answered Tayman's questions. Appellant told Tayman he had recently bought the car with $26,000 of inherited cash and that he had just come from Crystal Garner's home. Tayman seized the car and the money for civil forfeiture, as proceeds from drug trafficking, and told appellant he was free to go.

Later the same day, Tayman and two other officers went to 6515 Hil-Mar Drive and spoke to Paula Crystal Garner. Tayman explained he thought appellant was using the house as a "stash house" for the sale of controlled substances and asked Garner if he could search the house. He told Garner that she did not have to allow him to search the house and if she refused permission he would have to apply for a search warrant. Garner stated she understood and then signed a written form consenting to the search. In a safe found in the apartment, ¹ the police discovered a kilo of cocaine, a nine millimeter weapon, a .32 caliber gun, and several thousand dollars in cash, among other things.

At a pretrial hearing, appellant's motion to suppress the search of the automobile was granted, as was appellant's statement he was coming from Garner's house when he was stopped. The circuit court (McCullough, J.), refused however to suppress the search of Garner's house. Appellant argued that the search was "fruit" of the illegal stop during which Tayman obtained Garner's address. The circuit court found Tayman already knew Garner's address, prior to the stop, based on information supplied by a confidential informant.

We include additional facts as necessary in our discussion of the issues.

I.

Appellant argues the trial court erred at the pretrial motions hearing and during the trial in denying his motion to suppress the evidence found at Garner's apartment because the search of Garner's apartment was the product of the illegal stop and search of appellant's automobile. We do not agree.

To have succeeded, appellant must show that the evidence was derived from the exploitation of official misconduct. Once this is established, the State may remove the taint by showing either (1) an independent source, (2) inevitable discovery, or (3) that the connection between the primary illegality and the challenged evidence has become attenuated. Bartram v. State, 33 Md.App. 115, 167-68, 364 A.2d 1119 (1976).

Judge McCullough determined from the evidence presented at the suppression hearing that the police did not go to Garner's apartment, on the same day as the stop, as a result of the search of appellant's automobile or his statement. The trial court instead found that Tayman had an open investigation of appellant beginning in April 1989 as the result of information, which included Garner's address, that was supplied by a confidential informant.

In Riddick v. State, 319 Md. 180, 183, 571 A.2d 1239 (1991) the Court said:

When the question is whether a constitutional right, such as the one here, has been violated, we make our own independent constitutional appraisal. We make the appraisal by reviewing the law and applying it to the peculiar facts of the particular case. State v. Gee, 298 Md. 565, 571, 471 A.2d 712, cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1244, 104 S.Ct. 3519, 82 L.Ed.2d 827 (1984). When the facts are in dispute, we accept them as found by the trial judge unless he is clearly erroneous in his judgment on the evidence before him. In ascertaining whether he is clearly erroneous, we give "due regard to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses," as commanded by Md. Rule 8-131(c). When the question of the dishonor of a constitutional right arises by the denial of a motion to suppress, the relevant facts which we consider "are limited to those produced at the suppression hearing, see Trusty v. State, 308 Md. 658, 521 A.2d 749 (1987), which are most favorable to the State as the prevailing party on the motion." Simpler v. State, 318 Md. 311, 312, 568 A.2d 22 (1990).

We shall affirm the rulings made at the pretrial motions hearing and at trial.

Corporal Tayman testified at the suppression hearing that the initial investigation of appellant commenced in April 1989. He said he was told in July 1989, by a confidential source, that appellant had just purchased a new Mercedes with cash. Tayman was also told appellant was using a residence at 6515 Hil-Mar Drive, Apartment 201, leased to Crystal, as a stash house, and that he had recently received a shipment of cocaine in kilo quantity. During cross-examination, Corporal Tayman admitted that at the preliminary hearing and on a search warrant he had stated he went to Garner's address based on information flowing from appellant's traffic stop. Tayman explained on redirect that it is his practice not to include information regarding confidential sources in search warrants and statements of charges, if he believes he has probable cause, without identifying the information from the confidential source. He stressed he had the information from the confidential informant prior to preparing the statement of charges and the search warrant, and prior to the automobile stop.

In denying appellant's pretrial motion to suppress, the judge said: "[I]t sounds reasonable to me that the officer believed that he had already had probable cause to apply for a search warrant, so why disclose the existence of a confidential informant...