Riebe v. ABANDONED 18TH CENTURY SHIPWRECK

• Decision Date: 06 October 1987
• Docket Number: No. 87-29-CIV-4A,87-30-CIV-4A.,87-29-CIV-4A
• Citation: 691 F. Supp. 923
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of North Carolina
• Parties: Alan Richard RIEBE, Plaintiff, v. The UNIDENTIFIED, WRECKED AND ABANDONED 18TH CENTURY SHIPWRECK, etc., Defendant (Two Cases).

691 F. Supp. 923

Alan Richard RIEBE, Plaintiff, v. The UNIDENTIFIED, WRECKED AND ABANDONED 18TH CENTURY SHIPWRECK, etc., Defendant (Two Cases).

Nos. 87-29-CIV-4A, 87-30-CIV-4A.

United States District Court, E.D. North Carolina, New Bern Division.

October 6, 1987.

Stevenson L. Weeks, Wheatly, Wheatly, Nobles & Weeks, P.A., Beaufort, N.C., David Paul Horan, Key West, Fla., for plaintiff.

Douglas A. Johnston, Asst. Atty. Gen., N.C. Dept. of Justice, Raleigh, N.C., for defendant.

ORDER

BRITT, Chief Judge.

On 16 September 1987 Magistrate Charles K. McCotter, Jr., entered his memorandum and recommendation with regard to the motion by the State of North Carolina to dismiss this action as to it. No objections thereto have been filed, and the matter is before the court for determination. The court adopts the recommendation of Magistrate McCotter as its own; and, for the reasons set forth in his memorandum, the motion of the State of North Carolina to dismiss, based on the eleventh amendment to the United States Constitution, is allowed. In all other respects, the motion of the State of North Carolina is denied.

MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION

CHARLES K. McCOTTER, Jr., United States Magistrate.

The plaintiff brings an in rem admiralty action to recover the ship EL SALVADOR, located off the coast of North Carolina within the state's three-mile jurisdictional limit established by the Submerged Lands Act, 43 U.S.C. § 1301, et seq. The plaintiff sued for title and possession of the ship, stating in his complaint,

2. plaintiff be put into possession of the wrecked and unidentified 18th Century shipwreck and other property and that all other persons, firms, and corporations or government agencies be enjoined from interfering with the plaintiff's ongoing salvage activity.

....

4. that all governmental agencies, states, and any other persons claiming an interest in the shipwreck be allowed to appear before this honorable court and show cause why possession should not be delivered to plaintiff as having full title and that plaintiff be put into the full possession of the items of salvage and its title confirmed.

The plaintiff has recovered a number of items, although many are from modern ships.

The State of North Carolina makes an assertion of title based on 43 U.S.C. § 1311, which grants the states title to lands beneath navigable waters within a three-mile jurisdiction, and N.C.Gen.Stat. § 121-22, which grants North Carolina title, exclusive dominion, and control to all underwater archaeological finds.

The State of North Carolina has made a restricted appearance, as permitted by Rule E 8 of the Supplemental Rules of Admiralty and Maritime Claims. The state has not waived sovereign immunity. The state contends that the 11th Amendment prevents the federal courts from determining ownership of a shipwreck once the state has asserted a claim of title. The state, while not being named in the admiralty action, has asked the court to dismiss this in rem admiralty action under the 11th Amendment of the United States Constitution. The issue is whether the 11th Amendment will bar a federal court in an in rem admiralty action from determining title of the State of North Carolina when it makes an assertion of title. This Court holds that when a state asserts title to a shipwreck located within its jurisdictional waters, the 11th Amendment bars a determination of the state's claim in federal court absent the state's consent. However, the Court can determine title as to other parties.

The federal court has exclusive jurisdiction, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1333 and U.S. CONST. art. III, § II, to hear all cases involving admiralty or maritime claims. Claims arising out of salvage operations are within the admiralty jurisdiction of the federal courts. Mason v. The Blaireau, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch.) 240, 2 L.Ed. 266 (1804). Admiralty suits can be of two types, in personam and in rem. An in personam suit occurs when the action is against the person or corporation over whom the court can obtain personal jurisdiction. An in rem action occurs when a ship or vessel is the defendant. A salvage action can be maintained as either. In Treasure Salvors, Inc. v. Unidentified Wrecked and Abandoned Sailing Vessel, 640 F.2d 560 (5th Cir.1981), the court describes a salvage action:

The most common type of legal claim arising from salvage operations and asserted in the admiralty courts involves the salvor's assertion of his right to a monetary award which the maritime law provides as an incentive to encourage persons to assist distressed or endangered vessels. The performance of salvage services, like the furnishing of other services to a ship, gives rise to a maritime lien. Thus, a salvor may assert his right to a salvage award either in an in rem proceeding against the salvaged vessel or cargo or in an in personam proceeding against the owner of the salvaged property.... Although the law of salvage grants the salvor a right to possession of the property, the salvage of a vessel or goods at sea, even when the goods have been abandoned, does not divest the original owner of title or grant ownership rights to the salvor, except in extraordinary cases, where the property has been lost or abandoned for a very long period. Under these unusual circumstances, the maritime law of finds supplements the possessor interest normally granted to a salvor and vests title by occupancy in one who discovers such abandoned property and reduces it to possession. This type of claim to title by occupancy can, of course, be asserted in an in rem proceeding instituted once the goods have been recovered and brought to shore within the jurisdiction of the court. However, since the law of maritime salvage and finds also protects the right of a salvor who undertakes a project to carry it to completion without interference from others who seek to share in the enterprise and the reward, we think that admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the federal courts also encompasses the power to entertain a salvor's claim that another is wrongfully interfering with his ongoing endeavors and to grant such relief as may be appropriate in order to protect a salvor's right to pursue his salvage endeavor exclusively, even though the property which is the subject of the salvage effort might not be within the territorial jurisdiction of the court.

640 F.2d 560, 567 (1981).

The Supreme Court in Florida Department of State v. Treasure Salvors, Inc., et al., 458 U.S. 670, 102 S.Ct. 3304, 73 L.Ed.2d 1057 (1982), established that the 11th Amendment does apply in in rem admiralty actions. The Supreme Court held that the federal court had "jurisdiction to secure possession of the property from the named state officials, since they had no colorable basis on which to retain possession of the artifacts. The court did not have power, however, to adjudicate the state's interest in the property without the state's consent." Id. at 682, 102 S.Ct. at 3313.

In this case, Treasure Salvors discovered the ship ATOCHA nine and a half miles off the coast of Florida. The State of Florida claimed title under a state statute granting title to artifacts abandoned on state-owned, submerged lands. Treasure Salvors was able to bring up artifacts from the ATOCHA, some of which officials of the Florida Division of Archives kept in their possession.

Treasure Salvors brought an in rem action against the state officials to obtain possession of the artifacts in their possession. The state was ordered to show cause why it should not deliver the artifacts to Treasure Salvors. Florida then raised the 11th Amendment as a bar to the court's jurisdiction since a supplemental complaint filed by Treasure Salvors showed the state as a defendant.

The district court rejected the 11th Amendment argument, finding the state had waived the 11th Amendment, that the Division of Archives had improperly removed the artifacts, and the Division was not the owner of the artifacts based on an invalid contract with Treasure Salvors. The state appealed to the court of appeals, which upheld the district court's ruling, and then to the Supreme Court to determine, "whether the 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution bars an in rem admiralty action seeking to recover property owned by a state." Id. at 682, 102 S.Ct. at 3313.

The court determined the issue in this case was "whether a federal court exercising admiralty in rem jurisdiction may seize property held by state officials under a claim that the property belongs to the state." Id. at 683, 102 S.Ct. at 3314. The court held in a plurality opinion, that "the 11th Amendment thus did not bar the process...