Robbins v. State

• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals
• Writing for the Court: SAWAYA, C.J.
• Citation: Robbins v. State, 891 So.2d 1102 (Fla. App. 2004)
• Decision Date: 23 December 2004
• Docket Number: No. 5D03-2745.,5D03-2745.
• Parties: Ronald H. ROBBINS, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

891 So.2d 1102

Ronald H. ROBBINS, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 5D03-2745.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.

December 23, 2004.

Rehearing Denied January 31, 2005.

Benjamin S. Waxman of Robbins, Tunkey, Ross, Amsel, Raben, Waxman & Eiglarsh, P.A., Miami, for Appellant.

Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Rebecca Rock McGuigan, Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, for Appellee.

SAWAYA, C.J.

Ronald Robbins appeals the judgment and sentence of life imprisonment imposed following the return of the jury verdict finding him guilty of second-degree murder with a firearm. Robbins raises three issues for us to resolve: 1) whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying a motion for mistrial based on the State's presentation of testimony regarding Robbins' failure to mention, at the time of his arrest, that the victim had attacked him with a knife and in overruling an objection to closing argument referencing this silence; 2) whether Robbins' due process rights were violated when the trial court denied his request for the appointment of an expert to assist him with the presentation of his justification defense; and 3) whether the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the State to present testimony from a medical doctor that the injuries Robbins sustained in the attack were not serious when the State failed to timely disclose the expert as a witness, thereby depriving Robbins of the opportunity to depose him.

Based on our review of the record, the trial court committed reversible error as to issues one and two. We, therefore, reverse the judgment and sentence and remand for a new trial. To explain why we have come to that conclusion, we will discuss the factual and procedural background followed by legal analysis of the first two issues in the order previously presented. Because the third issue becomes moot by virtue of our resolution of the first two issues, we will omit any discussion of the third issue.

Factual Background

Robbins met his friend, Kim Shannon, at a convenience store in the early morning hours shortly before the fatal incident occurred. Already at the convenience store were Jason Starkey, the victim, and Jason Coffman. Starkey and Coffman, both in their early twenties, had previously been bar-hopping and were ejected from the taxicab in which they had been riding. They went to the convenience store to call for another cab and that is where they encountered Shannon and Robbins. Shannon got out of her vehicle and went into the store to purchase some snacks while Robbins waited in his old van. Starkey and Coffman made comments to Shannon about her looks as she took the snacks to Robbins, but she ignored them. Apparently, as Shannon approached the van, Starkey persisted in his comments. Robbins, overhearing the comments, stated to Starkey and Coffman, "You boys are still in puberty."

Angered by the comment, Starkey chased Robbins as Robbins attempted to pull away in his van. Starkey jumped onto the passenger side running board, leaned in, and reached for Robbins through the open window. Robbins was successful in shaking Starkey off the van by alternately accelerating and braking, but, unfortunately, the maneuver caused the old van to stall and Robbins was unable to get it restarted. Undeterred, Starkey approached the driver's side window and hit Robbins in the head. Starkey repeatedly swung at Robbins, screaming at him. Robbins pushed open the driver's door, got out, and exchanged punches with Starkey. Robbins was hit several times in the head and was stunned. Starkey moved toward the store and began screaming and waving, apparently summoning Coffman for assistance. Coffman came out of the store and ran "full tilt" with Starkey to where Robbins was standing and began beating Robbins. Robbins tried to defend himself, but several of the punches connected with his head. Shannon testified that Coffman and Starkey were "beating the hell out of [Robbins]." Robbins was in pain and described himself as "lightheaded," "out of sorts," and "seeing stars."

As the attack continued, Robbins felt Coffman grab his wallet, which was chained to his belt. Robbins spun around and, at this point, Starkey and Coffman had Robbins pinned between them. Robbins then felt a poke or prick in the palm of his hand and believed that Starkey somehow had obtained the knife Robbins kept clipped to the inside of his waistband. Feeling more threatened by the knife Robbins believed Starkey had in his hand, Robbins pushed Starkey hard in the chest. This movement caused Robbins to stagger. As he was moving "right and downward," Robbins removed his gun from his pocket, pointed it where Starkey was last located and fired. The bullet hit Starkey in the back. Starkey ran a short distance before collapsing. Robbins' large pocket knife was subsequently found by the police on the ground in the vicinity of the fight.

Robbins drove himself to a police station to report the attack. After unsuccessfully attempting to get the attention of a police officer who was parked outside the front door of the station, Robbins drove from the parking lot to seek medical attention at a nearby hospital. Within blocks of the police station, Robbins was pulled over and handcuffed. Fire rescue was summoned to treat Robbins' wounds. When one of the police officers asked Robbins if he was all right, Robbins reported that he had been in a fight and had been hit with sticks and bottles, but did not report that a knife was used by his assailant.

Robbins was tried for, and convicted of, second-degree murder. With no prior record, Robbins scored in the range of 20.5 years to life and was sentenced to life in prison. The first issue he raises, which we address next, is whether the trial court abused its discretion by overruling objections and denying his motion for mistrial based on the State's elicitation of evidence and remarks during closing argument that when arrested, Robbins failed to mention that he had been attacked by the victim with a knife.

Presentation Of Evidence and Remarks During Closing Argument That Robbins Failed To Mention The Knife To The Police

During the trial, the State called one of the arresting officers, who testified that Robbins stated that he had been attacked with sticks and bottles. Outside the hearing of the jury, the State sought to proffer testimony from the officer that Robbins did not mention a knife. Counsel for Robbins objected based on Robbins' right of silence and the objection was sustained, thus making it clear to the prosecutor that he could not go further and elicit testimony that Robbins failed to mention the knife. Undaunted, the prosecutor called another officer and asked, "Did you ever hear him say anything about a knife?" and the officer answered, "No." Robbins immediately objected. The trial court sustained the objection, denied Robbins' motion for mistrial and gave a curative instruction to the jury to "[p]lease disregard any question about the defendant not mentioning a knife to the officer and the officer's response to that question." During closing argument the prosecutor made several references to Robbins' silence as to the knife, suggesting that if Robbins was truly defending himself from a knife attack, he would have told the police the full story. Then the prosecutor stated:

If this had been self-defense, why wouldn't he have explained what happened to Officer Walker and Officer Vahey when he's trying to explain his injury or telling them — why did he say these guys were trying to grab my wallet. I thought my knife was taken. I saw the glint of a knife. I thought, you know, someone had struck me.

....

Why not stick to the truth if what he said today from the stand is the truth. Most times the truth will set you free. But in this case he couldn't tell the truth that night to the police because he had shot someone in the back after a fight was over.

Unlike the federal courts that permit the introduction of post-arrest, pre-Miranda¹ statements for impeachment purposes,² the Florida Supreme Court has adopted a different view. State v. Hoggins, 718 So.2d 761 (Fla.1998). Based on its interpretation of article I, section 9 of the Florida Constitution, the court in Hoggins held that a prosecutor may not comment upon or attempt to impeach a defendant with his or her post-arrest, pre-Miranda or post-Miranda silence. This prohibition is premised upon the generally accepted principle that a defendant does not waive his or her right to remain silent at the time of arrest by testifying in his or her own defense at trial. The same test applies regardless of whether the evidence of post-arrest silence is admitted in the state's case in chief or during impeachment of the defendant: "If the comment is fairly susceptible of being construed by the jury as a comment on the defendant's exercise of his or her right to remain silent, it violates the defendant's right to silence." Hoggins, 718 So.2d at 769. The fairly susceptible standard is a "very liberal rule,"³ which leads us to conclude that the questions and remarks during closing argument concerning the failure of Robbins to offer exculpatory statements about the knife after his arrest are fairly susceptible of being construed by the jury as comments on Robbins' right to silence. See State v. Smith, 573 So.2d 306, 317 (Fla.1990) (holding that the prosecutor's questions to the arresting officer regarding whether the defendant had said anything about being frightened of the victim or that he was acting in self-defense violated the defendant's constitutional right to silence).

Impermissible comments on a defendant's right to remain silent are subject to the harmless error analysis. Jones v. State, 748 So.2d 1012 (Fla.1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1232, 120 S.Ct. 2666, 147 L.Ed.2d 279 (2000); Walker v. State, 701 So.2d 1258, 1261 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997) (citing State v. Marshall, 476 So.2d 150 (Fl...