Robbins v. United States

• Decision Date: 30 March 1973
• Docket Number: No. 72-1630.,72-1630.
• Citation: 476 F.2d 26
• Parties: Milton ROBBINS a/k/a Mickey Robbins, Defendant-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

476 F.2d 26 (1973)

Milton ROBBINS a/k/a Mickey Robbins, Defendant-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee.

No. 72-1630.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted January 12, 1973.

Decided March 30, 1973.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

Lorenzo E. Tapia, Albuquerque, N. M., for defendant-appellant.

Victor R. Ortega, U. S. Atty. (Ruth C. Streeter, Asst. U. S. Atty., on brief), for plaintiff-appellee.

Before HILL and HOLLOWAY, Circuit Judges, and TEMPLAR, District Judge.

TEMPLAR, District Judge.

Appellant Milton Robbins was found guilty by a jury on Count I of a two-count indictment of having possession of a firearm consisting of a homemade incendiary bomb, alleged to be a destructive device, and not registered to him in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record, in violation of Title 26 U.S.C. §§ 5861(d) and 5871. He was also found guilty on Count II which charged him with possessing this same firearm which was not identified by a serial number as required by Section 5842 of Title 26, United States Code, in violation of Title 26 U.S.C. §§ 5861(i) and 5871.

Following his conviction, a sentence of five years was imposed on Count I, followed by a suspended sentence on Count II for five years consecutive to the sentence imposed on Count I.

In his appeal Robbins complains that improper and prejudicial instructions were given, over objection, by the trial court, that his motion for a mistrial was denied when the prosecutor made comments in the jury argument inferring that defendant had not taken the stand and testified, and that the indictment was defective because the specific sections and subsections of the statute under which he was prosecuted were not cited.

Appellant insists that because the indictment fails to indicate any section or subsection of a statute in which is stated that knowledge that possession of a firearm not having a serial number and not registered is a violation of law, the indictment does not state an offense since it fails to require the element of scienter or intent to constitute a crime. He further contends that the Magistrate's refusal at his preliminary hearing to allow him to examine prior written statements of the prosecution's witnesses constitutes reversible error, that the statute under which defendant is charged violates the self-incrimination clause of the 5th Amendment, or in the alternative violates the equal protection clause, and lastly defendant claims the indictment is defective because he is charged with the same offense in each of the two counts and is thereby subjected to double jeopardy.

We have carefully considered the various claims of error asserted by the defendant and after a review of the record and consideration of the briefs submitted are convinced that the conviction of appellant on the two counts charged must be affirmed.

Briefly summarized, it appears that evidence offered by the prosecution disclosed that Robbins was the manager of the Jack & Queens Nightclub at Albuquerque, New Mexico, that he engaged two men to construct homemade bombs that could be used for the purpose of putting competitive nightclubs in the area out of business. One of the men so employed by appellant informed the police of the activity; a search warrant was issued for a search of his office quarters in the Jack & Queens Club. Pursuant to the search of appellant's office, there was found a cylindrical canister with a metal top and bottom and a straw filled with gunpowder placed across the top. Alongside the canister was a glass jar containing black powder. An explosive expert from the F.B.I. Laboratory examined the items so found, conducted experiments, and at the trial expressed his expert opinion that the device would ignite certain types of combustible materials that were in contact or immediately adjacent to the device.

The prosecution was required to establish as an essential element of the case that the firearm in question had not been registered and to establish this fact introduced a certificate of the custodian of the National Firearms Register and Transfer Record stating in effect that he had made a diligent search and had found no record of any firearms being registered to Robbins. The instruction of the trial court explained to the jury that the certificate was competent evidence to show that the item introduced in evidence was not registered to the appellant but that it was up to the jury to determine what evidence to accept and what weight they might give to any evidence presented in the case.¹ The certificate was sufficient evidence from which the jury could find and determine, as it did, that the firearm in question had not been registered as required by the statute. Proof was established by the method authorized in F.R. Cr.P., Rule 27, adopting the provisions of F.R.Civ.P., Rule 44. The evidence was sufficient to sustain the jury's finding. United States v. Cowley, 452 F.2d 243 (10 Cir. 1971), and see Vol. 1, Devitt & Blackmar, Federal Jury Practice & Instructions, § 34.05, p. 472. The instruction given was a correct statement.

There was substantial evidence to prove that the destructive device found in appellant's possession was of an incendiary nature and the jury were correctly instructed on the issue of whether it was in fact an incendiary bomb. The question was properly submitted to the jury by the trial court.

It is charged by appellant that in his closing argument to the jury the United States Attorney made an improper comment upon appellant's failure to take the stand and testify in his own defense.²

This Court has upheld the privilege of a defendant to excercise his constitutional privilege not to testify where the prosecution's statement in that regard was direct and prejudicial. Collins v. United States, 383 F.2d 296, 302 (10 Cir. 1967), but the statement of the prosecuting attorney in this case falls far short of being prejudicial. A prosecutor may properly call to the jury's attention that evidence before it is uncontradicted without impairing the rights of a defendant who elects not to take the stand and testify. United States v. Lepiscopo, 458 F.2d 977 (10 Cir. 1972), particularly when it is not made to appear that no other testimony was available to contradict the evidence.

Here, the comment of the prosecuting attorney came in response to defense counsel's argument in which he in effect asserted that the only evidence in the case was the testimony of one Barbour, an unbelievable associate of the appellant, who had testified for the Government (Tr. 418). It appears that the evidence referred to by the prosecutor was a tape recording of a conversation to which police officers were listening. In such a circumstance, any of the officers could have been called to dispute the correctness of the recording.

We have examined the indictment, Count I of which appellant contends is defective. This count charges in language of the statute, 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d), with the citation of the penalty provision found in 26 U.S.C. § 5871 added, that appellant did "knowingly possess a firearm, that is, a destructive device being more particularly described as one homemade incendiary bomb, which had not been registered to him in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record as required by Title II, Gun Control Act of 1968." Appellant complains that the failure to include any reference to the section of the statute which defines a firearm or says that a destructive device is a firearm and the absence of any statement that a homemade incendiary bomb has to be registered, fails to sufficiently apprise the accused of what he must be prepared to meet. This contention is without merit.

Count I of the indictment charged possession by appellant of a destructive device, a homemade incendiary bomb, a firearm, which had not been registered to him, and in Count II, he was charged with possessing such destructive device which was not identified by a serial number as required by the applicable statute.³

Rule 7(c), F.R.Cr.P., has put an end to "the rules of technical and formalized pleading." Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 762, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 1046, 8 L.Ed.2d 240. Imperfections of form that are not prejudicial are disregarded and common sense prevails over technicalities. The sufficiency of indictments must be determined on the basis of practical rather than technical considerations and the validity of attacks on them must be considered from a broad and enlightened standpoint of right reason rather than from a narrow view of technicality and hairsplitting.

Count I of the indictment, in plain, concise and definite language, alleged the essential facts constituting an offense under the statute. Under provisions of 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d), possession of a prohibited firearm not registered to a person was made unlawful. The fire-arm which was allegedly possessed by appellant was referred to as a "destructive device being more particularly described as one homemade incendiary bomb." This is a sufficient allegation to fairly notify a defendant of the charge against him. His complaint that the indictment failed to make any reference to 26 U.S.C. § 5845(a)(8) and (f), which is the definition section of the Gun Control Act, is without merit as is his contention that some reference should be made to the section of the statute, 26 U.S.C. § 5841, which requires the registration of firearms.

The rule relied upon by appellant defeats his right to relief. The stated violation in Count I is alleged to be 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d). The penalty section 5871 is added. Such is ample compliance with F.R.Cr.P. 7(c). The rule does not require the detailed recital in the indictment of each section of the Act describing the firearm a defendant is charged with possessing. In any event, the omission thereof has not misled the appellant here to his prejudice because the indictment otherwise fully apprises him of the charge. No prejudice...