Robinson v. State

• Decision Date: 30 September 1992
• Docket Number: CR-90-1658
• Citation: 615 So.2d 112
• Parties: Willie James ROBINSON v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 112

615 So.2d 112

Willie James ROBINSON v. STATE.

CR-90-1658.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.

Sept. 30, 1992.

Rehearing Denied Nov. 13, 1992.

Certiorari Denied March 19, 1993

Alabama Supreme Court 1920347.

Robert Beno, Montgomery, for appellant.

James H. Evans, Atty. Gen., and Randall McNeill, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

MONTIEL, Judge.

The appellant, Willie James Robinson, was convicted of the unlawful possession of cocaine, and he was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment as a habitual offender.

On November 2, 1989, Police Officer Corporal R. Lewis was on routine patrol in Montgomery, Alabama. As Officer Lewis was passing the intersection of Duncan Drive and Goode Street, he saw the appellant. At that time, Officer Lewis heard the appellant yell, "Fuck R. Lewis." Officer Lewis arrested the appellant for harassment. The appellant was taken to the city jail where he was turned over to jail officials. As the appellant was being processed, he was searched and cocaine was found on his person.

On March 6, 1990, the trial court entered the following order on the docket sheet:

"Willie Lewis [sic] Robinson has filed a motion to suppress the seizure of illegal drugs from his person because he contends that the seizure was tainted by an illegal arrest.

"The Court finds that although the language directed by Robinson to Corporal Lewis may not support the conviction for harassment ( Ala.Code § 13A-11-8), it did provide probable cause for Robinson's arrest for violation of § 13A-11-8. Therefore, the search of Lewis's [sic] person and the seizure of illegal drugs is not tainted by an illegal arrest. Ordered, the motion to suppress is denied."

The appellant argues that the trial court improperly found that his arrest for harassment was legal and that the subsequent seizure of the cocaine was proper. Harassment is a Class C misdemeanor. Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-11-8(a)(2).

Section 15-10-3(a)(1), Ala.Code 1975, provides: "An officer may arrest any person without a warrant, on any day and at any time for: Any public offense committed or breach of the peace threatened in his presence." "[F]or an officer to arrest a person without a warrant for the commission of a misdemeanor, the violation of a city ordinance, or a threatened breach of the peace, the infraction must have been committed in the presence of the officer." State v. Phillips, 517 So.2d 648, 651 (Ala.Crim.App.1987). However, a person may be arrested without a warrant for the commission of a misdemeanor 1) when the officer "has actual knowledge that a warrant for the person's arrest for the commission of a felony or misdemeanor has been issued" (§ 15-10-3(a)(6)); 2) when the officer "has reasonable cause to believe that a felony or misdemeanor has been committed by the person arrested in violation of a protection order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction" (§ 15-10-3(a)(7)); or 3) "[w]henever an offense involves family violence" (§ 15-10-3(a)(8). Since none of the circumstances enumerated above are applicable in this case, the appellant's arrest is legal only if the offense was committed in the officer's presence.

"A person commits the crime of harassment if, with intent to harass, annoy or alarm another person, he: ... b. Directs abusive or obscene language or makes an obscene gesture towards another person." Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-11-8(a)(1) (emphasis added). The words emphasized above are identical to those used in Section 13A-11-7(a)(3), Ala.Code 1975. See Shinault v. City of Huntsville, 579 So.2d 696 (Ala.Crim.App.1991) (Bowen, J., dissenting). This statute provides: "A person commits the crime of disorderly conduct if, with intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he: ... 3) In a public place uses abusive or obscene language or makes an obscene gesture." Ala.Code 1975 § 13A-11-7(a)(3) (emphasis added). With reference to the disorderly conduct statute, the words "abusive or obscene language" and "obscene gesture" have been "interpreted narrowly to apply only to 'fighting words.' " Swann v. City of Huntsville, 455 So.2d 944, 950 (Ala.Crim.App.1984). See also Mosley v. City of Auburn, 428 So.2d 165 (Ala.Crim.App.1982), superseded on other grounds, Mason v. City of Vestavia Hills, 518 So.2d 221 (Ala.Crim.App.1987). "Fighting words" are "those words which have a likelihood of causing a violent response by the person to whom they are addressed. They are words that by their very utterance provoke a swift physical retaliation and incite an immediate breach of the peace." Skelton v. City of Birmingham, 342 So.2d 933, 936-37 (Ala.Crim.App.), remanded, 342 So.2d 937 (Ala.1976). See also Swann. The words used by the alleged offender must " 'be calculated to cause an immediate breach of the peace. It is...