Rohm & Haas Co. v. U.S.

• Decision Date: 09 February 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-1177,83-1177
• Parties: , 2 Fed. Cir. (T) 28 ROHM & HAAS COMPANY, Appellant, v. The UNITED STATES, Appellee. Appeal
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Federal Circuit

Page 1095

727 F.2d 1095

5 ITRD 1737, 2 Fed. Cir. (T) 28

ROHM & HAAS COMPANY, Appellant, v. The UNITED STATES, Appellee.

Appeal No. 83-1177.

United States Court of Appeals Federal Circuit.

Feb. 9, 1984.

William D. Outman, II, Washington, D.C., for appellant. With him on the brief were Albert J. Bartosic, Philadelphia, Pa., and Munford Page Hall, II, Washington, D.C.

John J. Mahon, New York City, for appellee. With him on the brief were J. Paul McGrath, Asst. Atty. Gen., David M. Cohen, Director, Washington, D.C., and Joseph I. Liebman, Atty. in Charge, Intern. Trade Field, New York City.

Before FRIEDMAN, RICH and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

FRIEDMAN, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from a decision of the Court of International Trade, 568 F.Supp. 751 sustaining the classification of the imported merchandise by the District Director of Customs at the Port of New York. We affirm.

I

The issue in this case is the proper classification for Customs purposes of sheets of acrylic resin imported from Taiwan. The Customs Service classified the merchandise under item 771.41 of the Tariff Schedules of the United States as "flexible" plastic sheets and admitted them duty-free under the General System of Preferences as products from Taiwan. See 19 U.S.C. Sec. 2461-2465 (1982); 19 U.S.C. Sec. 1202 (1982) (General Headnote 3(c) to the Tariff Schedules).

The appellant, which manufactures a similar product which it sells in the United States under the trademark "Plexiglas," filed with the Customs Service pursuant to 19 U.S.C. Sec. 1516 (1982) a petition challenging that classification. The appellant contended that the merchandise should have been classified as "sheets ... of acrylic resin" "other" than "flexible" under item 771.45, and subjected to the duty prescribed for that item. The Customs Service denied the petition and appellant filed the present suit in the Court of International Trade to set aside that determination.

After a trial, the Court of International Trade sustained the classification. The court followed the prior decision of the Customs Court in Sekisui Products, Inc. v. United States, 63 Cust.Ct. 123 (1969), which held that the common meaning of "flexible" in item 771.42 (the forerunner of item 771.41) is the dictionary definition: "capable of being flexed: capable of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.... Flexible is applicable to anything capable of being bent, turned, or twisted without being broken and with or without returning of itself to its former shape."

The Court of International Trade held that "Congress has chosen not to amend the law to define 'flexible' in a commercial designation even though made specifically aware of the Sekisui decision and its ramifications." It ruled that the appellant "failed to prove that the term 'flexible' has a commercial designation based on a trade understanding of the term 'flexible' which differs from its common meaning and is not in conflict with clearly manifested legislative intent." The court concluded that the appellant "has failed to demonstrate a contrary legislative intent other than the common meaning of the term 'flexible' [and] has also failed to show through plenary proof a definite, general and uniform commercial designation."

II

A. "The meaning of a tariff term is presumed to be the same as its common or dictionary meaning in the absence of evidence to the contrary." Bentkamp v. United States, 40 C.C.P.A. 70, 78 (1952), quoted with approval in United States v. C.J. Tower & Sons, 48 C.C.P.A. 87, 89 (1961). One who argues that a term in the tariff laws should not be given its common or dictionary meaning must prove that "there is a different commercial meaning in existence which is definite, uniform, and general throughout the trade." Moscahlades Bros. v. United States, 42 C.C.P.A. 78, 82 (1954). The concept of commercial designation "was intended to apply to cases where the trade designation is so universal and well understood that the Congress, and all the trade, are supposed to have been fully acquainted with the practice at the time the law was enacted." Jas. Akeroyd & Co. v. United States, 15 Ct.Cust.App. 440, 443 (1928). "Proof of commercial designation is a question of fact to be established in each case." S.G.B. Steel Scaffolding & Shoring Co. v. United States, 82 Cust.Ct. 197, 206 (1979) (and cases there cited).

As noted, the Court of International Trade ruled that the appellant had not proved that "the term 'flexible' has a commercial designation based on a trade understanding of the term 'flexible' which differs from its common meaning ...." Based upon our review of the record in light of the principles governing the determination of commercial meaning set forth above, we cannot reject that finding as clearly erroneous.

The appellant's expert witness, Reinhart, whom the court described as "possess[ing] excellent qualifications indicating a life-long career devoted to researching and evaluating plastic materials," had been the chairman of a subgroup at the American Society for Testing and Materials, an organization Reinhart called "the largest and probably the most influential standardization body in the whole world." His subgroup attempted for two or three years to formulate a definition of "flexible," but the endeavor was unsuccessful "because there was not enough agreement to reach a definition." Instead, the subgroup used and defined the terms "rigid," "semirigid," and "nonrigid." Reinhart also testified that although the dictionary definition of "flexible" was "not the same in the plastic industry," he knew people in that industry who have said it is the same.

The appellant introduced evidence that the kind of acrylic sheet here involved was marketed or described in sales and promotional literature not as flexible, but as rigid. That evidence, however, did not affirmatively establish a commercial meaning of flexible that differs from the dictionary definition.

In a recent case in which it was contended that the tariff items "clasps" and "sew-on fasteners" had commercial meanings different from their...