Rosado v. Proctor & Schwartz, Inc.

• Decision Date: 15 October 1985
• Citation: 484 N.E.2d 1354,494 N.Y.S.2d 851,66 N.Y.2d 21
• Court: New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: , 484 N.E.2d 1354, 54 USLW 2238, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 10,788 Hector ROSADO, Plaintiff, v. PROCTOR & SCHWARTZ, INC., Defendant and Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellant. Comet Fibers, Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Respondent.

Page 851

494 N.Y.S.2d 851

66 N.Y.2d 21, 484 N.E.2d 1354, 54 USLW 2238,

Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 10,788

Hector ROSADO, Plaintiff, v. PROCTOR & SCHWARTZ, INC., Defendant and Third-Party

Plaintiff-Appellant.

Comet Fibers, Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Respondent.

Court of Appeals of New York.

Oct. 15, 1985.

Irwin H. Haut, New York City, for defendant and third-party plaintiff-appellant.

Anne Flanagan and Michael N. Stevens, New York City, for third-party defendant-respondent.

OPINION OF THE COURT

TITONE, Judge.

In this products liability action, defendant and third-party plaintiff, Proctor & Schwartz, Inc. (Proctor), appeals from an order of the Appellate Division, 106 A.D.2d 27, 483 N.Y.S.2d 271, First Department, which affirmed an order of the Supreme Court, New York County, granting a motion made by third-party defendant, Comet Fibers, Inc. (Comet), to dismiss a cause of action seeking indemnification. The issue is whether a manufacturer of a defective product may obtain indemnification from the purchaser where the sales contract contains a provision requiring the purchaser to install certain safety devices and the purchaser's employee, who is injured by the failure to properly install such devices, brings an action against the manufacturer predicated on the manufacturer's marketing of a machine that is not reasonably safe. We hold that indemnification may not be obtained in such circumstances.

Plaintiff Hector Rosado was employed by Comet as one of the three operators of a garnett, a machine used in the textile industry to convert clumped fibers into a form of matting. The machine contains a series of massive chains and pulleys that operate the gears and rollers which straighten the fiber in the correct direction.

Comet purchased the garnett from Proctor in 1970. The contract of sale required Comet to install all "necessary guards for the exposed moving parts of the machine in accordance with the laws of the district in which the machine is to be located" as well as to "supply disconnect switches as required."

When delivered, the machine had no safety devices. Comet installed a mesh fence around the gear and pulley area, but there was a gap of two to three feet between the gate and the machine, and the gate had several broad doors. When these doors were opened, all the pulleys, chains and gears were exposed. There was only a simple latch on the gate, without any interlock, or other machine cutoff at the gate area. The garnett thus would be fully operative with the gate open, and it appears that it was customary for the workers to operate it in that manner.

A few moments before closing time on September 9, 1976, the plaintiff was instructed to rake the droppings around the machine. To do so, he was required to kneel next to the machine and, using a rake, pull debris from underneath. The plaintiff suddenly heard what he described as a "terrible noise" and immediately tried to stand up. Moving away, he hit his back on the fence and was caused to rebound in such a fashion that his right hand came into contact with unprotected chain and gears, severing his thumb and fingers.

Plaintiff Rosado commenced a suit against Proctor which, in turn, brought a third-party action against Comet, seeking contribution and indemnity. The indemnification claim, the subject of this appeal, was dismissed by Trial Term on the eve of trial. Comet then consummated a settlement agreement with plaintiff, thus foreclosing Proctor's claim for contribution (see, General Obligations Law § 15-108).

Proctor thereafter settled with plaintiff subsequent to the commencement of trial but prior to verdict. Proctor then appealed from the dismissal of its claim for indemnification. The Appellate Division, First Department, affirmed, by a divided court, and Proctor, having abandoned the claim for contribution thereby rendering the order final (CPLR 5611; see, Cohen and Karger, Powers of the New York Court of Appeals §§ 20, 21 [rev. ed.] ), appeals as of right (CPLR 5601[a][i] ). We affirm.

To place the issue before us in focus, it is useful to restate the important substantive distinctions between contribution and indemnity. Basically, in contribution the loss is distributed among tort-feasors, by requiring joint tort-feasors to pay a proportionate share of the loss to one who has discharged their joint liability, while in indemnity the party held legally liable shifts the entire loss to another (see, D'Ambrosio v. City of New York, 55 N.Y.2d 454, 460-461, 450 N.Y.S.2d 149, 435 N.E.2d 366; McDermott v. City of New York, 50 N.Y.2d 211, 216-217, 428 N.Y.S.2d 643, 406 N.E.2d 460; Rock v. Reed-Prentice Div., 39 N.Y.2d 34, 38-39, 382 N.Y.S.2d 720, 346 N.E.2d 520; McFall v. Compagnie Mar. Belge [Lloyd Royal], S.A., 304 N.Y. 314, 327-328, 107 N.E.2d 463; Prosser and Keeton, Torts § 51, at 341 [5th ed.]; Siegel, N.Y. Prac. § 169). Contribution arises automatically when certain factors are present and does not require any kind of agreement between or among the wrongdoers (Siegel, N.Y. Prac. § 169). Indemnity, on the other hand, arises out of a contract which may be express or may be implied in law "to prevent a result which is regarded as unjust or unsatisfactory" (Prosser and Keeton, op. cit., at 341; see, McFall v. Compagnie Mar. Belge [Lloyd Royal], S.A., supra, at pp. 327-328, 107 N.E.2d 463; Garrett v. Holiday Inns, 86 A.D.2d 469, 450 N.Y.S.2d 619, mod. on other grounds 58 N.Y.2d 253, 460 N.Y.S.2d 774, 447 N.E.2d 717; Tipaldi v. Riverside Mem. Chapel, 273 App.Div. 414, 78 N.Y.S.2d 12, affd. 298 N.Y. 686, 82 N.E.2d 585; Restatement [Second] of Torts § 886B).

Implied indemnity is frequently employed in favor of one who is vicariously liable for the tort of another (see, e.g., Rogers v. Dorchester Assoc., 32 N.Y.2d 553, 347 N.Y.S.2d 22, 300 N.E.2d 403), but the principle is not so limited and has been invoked in other contexts as well (see, e.g., McDermott v. City of New York, 50 N.Y.2d 211, 428 N.Y.S.2d 643, 406 N.E.2d 460, supra; McFall v. Compagnie Mar. Belge [Lloyd Royal], S.A., 304 N.Y. 314, 107 N.E.2d 463, supra; Garrett v. Holiday Inns, supra, 86 A.D.2d at p. 471, 450 N.Y.S.2d 619; Tipaldi v. Riverside Mem. Chapel, supra ). Nonetheless, "an indemnity cause of action can be sustained only if the third-party plaintiff and the third-party defendant have breached a duty to plaintiff and also if some duty to indemnify exists between them" (Garrett v. Holiday Inns, supra, at p. 471, 450 N.Y.S.2d 619).

The distinctions between contribution and indemnity take on added importance in settlement negotiations. In order to remove a disincentive to settlement, the Legislature amended General Obligations Law § 15-108 (L.1974, ch. 742) to provide that a settling tort-feasor can neither obtain, nor be liable for, a contribution claim (see, Mitchell v. New York Hosp., 61 N.Y.2d 208, 215, 473 N.Y.S.2d 148, 461 N.E.2d 285; Mielcarek v. Knights, 50 A.D.2d 122, 375 N.Y.S.2d 922; 1974 N.Y. Legis. Ann., at 15; Occhialino, Contribution, Nineteenth Ann Report of N.Y. Judicial Conference, 1974 N.Y. Legis. Doc. No. 90, at 217; McLaughlin, Practice Commentary, McKinney's Cons.Laws of N.Y., Book 23A, General Obligations Law § 15-108, pp. 717-718). Inasmuch as an entire shifting of the loss to another would not act as a disincentive to settlement or necessitate an examination of relative degrees of fault, indemnification claims are not barred (McDermott v. City of New York, 50 N.Y.2d 211, 218-219, 428 N.Y.S.2d 643, 406 N.E.2d 460, supra; Riviello v. Waldron 47 N.Y.2d 297, 418 N.Y.S.2d 300, 391 N.E.2d 1278). A party who has settled and seeks what it characteriz as indemnification thus must show that it may not be held responsible in any degree. The statutory bar to contribution may not be circumvented by the simple expedient of calling the claim indemnification (County of Westchester v. Becket Assoc., 66 N.Y.2d ----, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, --- N.E.2d ---- [Oct. 10, 1985], affg. 102 A.D.2d 34, 47, 478 N.Y.S.2d 305; Siffin v. Rambuski, 87 A.D.2d 979, 450 N.Y.S.2d 106). (See, generally, Davis, Comparative Negligence, Comparative Contribution, and Equal Protection in the Trial and Settlement of Multiple Defendant Product Cases, 10 Ind.L.Rev. 831; Comment, Comparative Negligence, Multiple Parties, and Settlements, 65 Cal.L.Rev. 1264).

Proctor recognizes, as it must, that by virtue of the settlement agreements, any claim for contribution has been statutorily extinguished, and also seems to accept that no basis for contractual indemnity exists since Comet did not explicitly agree to indemnify or hold it harmless from product liability claims (see, Vey v. Port Auth., 54 N.Y.2d 221, 226-227, 445 N.Y.S.2d 84, 429 N.E.2d 762; Hogeland v. Sibley, Lindsay & Curr Co., 42 N.Y.2d 153, 397 N.Y.S.2d 602, 366 N.E.2d 263; Margolin v. New York Life Ins. Co., 32 N.Y.2d 149, 153, 344 N.Y.S.2d 336, 297 N.E.2d 80; Levine v. Shell Oil Co., 28 N.Y.2d 205, 321 N.Y.S.2d 81, 269 N.E.2d 799; 1 N.Y. P.J.I.2d 616). Proctor argues, however, that the entire loss may be shifted to Comet on an implied indemnity theory. It contends that Comet was primarily responsible for plaintiff's injury because it failed to properly install the safety devices as it was contractually obligated to do. According to Proctor, strict products liability is a species of liability without fault, so that even if its duty to manufacture and market a reasonably safe product is nondelegable, it may still recover its entire loss from its delegate if the jury were to conclude that it was otherwise blameless (see, Kemp v. Lakelands Precast, 55 N.Y.2d 1032, 449 N.Y.S.2d 710, 434 N.E.2d 1077; Kelly v. Diesel Constr., 35 N.Y.2d 1, 6, 358 N.Y.S.2d 685, 315 N.E.2d 751; Abram v. Lyon Steel Rigging Corp., 111 A.D.2d 291, 294, 489 N.Y.S.2d 281). Alternatively, Proctor urges that Comet undertook a duty to install the appropriate safety devices under the sales contract, and that Comet's breach of duty caused the loss, so that the equities...