Russ v. Great American Ins. Companies

• Decision Date: 19 December 1995
• Docket Number: No. COA94-1294,COA94-1294
• Citation: Russ v. Great American Ins. Companies, 464 S.E.2d 723, 121 N.C.App. 185 (N.C. App. 1995)
• Parties: Patricia Medlin RUSS, Amy S. Robinson, Tamela Brown, Terilyn L. Stafford, Sandra Sides, Saundra Powers, and Donna Jeffreys, Plaintiffs, v. GREAT AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANIES, Royal Insurance Company of America and William F. Hedgecock, d/b/a Triad Business Forms, Defendants.
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals

Page 723

464 S.E.2d 723

121 N.C.App. 185

Patricia Medlin RUSS, Amy S. Robinson, Tamela Brown, Terilyn L. Stafford, Sandra Sides, Saundra Powers, and Donna Jeffreys, Plaintiffs, v. GREAT AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANIES, Royal Insurance Company of America and William F. Hedgecock, d/b/a Triad Business Forms, Defendants.

No. COA94-1294.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

Dec. 19, 1995.

Kennedy, Kennedy, Kennedy & Kennedy, L.L.P., by Annie Brown Kennedy, Harold L. Kennedy, III, Harvey L. Kennedy, and Lauren M. Collins, Winston-Salem, for plaintiffs-appellants.

Cranfill, Sumner & Hartzog, L.L.P., by Richard T. Boyette and Edward C. LeCarpentier III, Raleigh for defendant-appellee Great American Insurance Companies.

Smith Helms Mulliss & Moore, L.L.P., by J. Donald Cowan, Jr. and Erik Albright, Greensboro, for defendant-appellee Royal Insurance Company of America.

Fred Hutchins, Jr., Hutchins, Doughton & Moore, Winston-Salem, for defendant-appellee Hedgecock.

LEWIS, Judge.

This appeal presents the issue of whether defendant insurance companies are obligated under policies issued by them to pay damages and costs awarded in a judgment obtained by plaintiffs against the insured.

Defendant Royal Insurance Company of America ("Royal") issued a business liability insurance policy to defendant William F. Hedgecock, d/b/a Triad Business Forms ("Hedgecock") for the period of 1 September 1988 to 1 September 1989. Defendant Great American Insurance Companies ("Great American") issued a similar policy for the period of 1 September 1989 to 1 September 1990. On 21 January 1992, all plaintiffs obtained judgments for damages and costs against Hedgecock for intentional infliction of emotional distress resulting from sexual harassment committed by him while all were employed at Triad Business Forms. Plaintiffs Russ, Sides, Stafford, Brown, and Jeffreys also obtained judgments for damages and costs against Hedgecock for battery incident to this sexual harassment.

Both insurance companies refused to represent Hedgecock in the underlying action from which the judgments resulted. On 12 July 1993, plaintiffs filed this declaratory judgment action against both companies and Hedgecock seeking a declaration that the companies are obligated by their policies to pay for damages and costs awarded in the judgment and for costs awarded in order dated 13 November 1992. The case was heard on 11 April 1994 on plaintiffs' motion and defendants' cross-motions for summary judgment. On 9 May 1994, Judge James A. Beaty, Jr. denied plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and entered summary judgment in favor of defendants Great American and Royal. Plaintiffs appeal.

The central issue in this case is whether the injuries sustained by plaintiffs were bodily injuries covered by the Royal and Great American policies. The Royal policy provides coverage when ... a claim is made or SUIT is brought against an INSURED for BODILY INJURY or PROPERTY DAMAGE caused by an OCCURRENCE to which this coverage applies.

The policy then defines "occurrence," in applicable part, as

an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to the same conditions, which results in BODILY INJURY ... which the INSURED neither expected nor intended to happen.

(Emphasis added).

The Great American policy provides coverage for "bodily injury" during the policy period and caused by an "occurrence" defined as an "accident." The Great American policy also contains an exclusion for "bodily injury ... expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured." (Emphasis added).

Neither policy defines "accident." Our Supreme Court has held that when the term "accident" is not defined in an insurance policy, "accident" includes "injury resulting from an intentional act, if the injury is not intentional or substantially certain to be the result of the intentional act." N.C. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Stox, 330 N.C. 697, 709, 412 S.E.2d 318, 325 (1992) (emphasis added). In Stox, a store employee (Owens) pushed another employee (Stox) who fell and fractured her arm. The Court held that competent evidence supported the trial court's finding that the injury to Stox was an unintended injury resulting from an intentional act and thus was covered as an "occurrence" or "accident" under the policy. Id. The Court also upheld the trial court's conclusion that an exclusion for expected or intended injury did not bar coverage. Id. at 706, 412 S.E.2d at 324.

Stox dealt, inter alia, with coverage for a battery claim. Actions for battery protect against "intentional and unpermitted contact with one's person." Dickens v. Puryear, 302 N.C. 437, 445, 276 S.E.2d 325, 330 (1981). The intent required to prove battery is intent to act, i.e., the intent to cause harmful or offensive contact, not the intent to injure. See William S. Haynes, North Carolina Tort Law Battery § 4-2(A) (1989) (citing Andrews v. Peters, 75 N.C.App. 252, 256, 330 S.E.2d 638, 641 (1985), aff'd, 318 N.C. 133, 347 S.E.2d 409 (1986)). Our Supreme Court concluded in Stox that the intent to injure was not inherent in Stox's battery complaint. Stox, 330 N.C. at 707, 412 S.E.2d at 324.

This case is quite different factually from Stox. The injuries sustained by plaintiffs here were the result of sexual harassment. When confronted with this issue, other states have held that acts of sexual harassment are so nearly certain to cause injury that intent to injure can be inferred as a matter of law. E.g., Continental Ins. Co. v. McDaniel, 160 Ariz. 183, 772 P.2d 6 (1988); Greenman v. Michigan Mut. Ins. Co., 173 Mich.App. 88, 433 N.W.2d 346 (1988). Stox supports this approach by stating that an injury that is intentional or substantially certain to be the result of an intentional act is not an "accident." Stox, 330 N.C. at 709, 412 S.E.2d at 325 (emphasis added).

We took a similar approach in a case concerning whether an insurance policy exclusion for expected or intended bodily injuries barred coverage for injuries arising out of sexual molestation of a minor. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. v. Abernethy, 115 N.C.App. 534, 445 S.E.2d 618 (1994). After citing cases that infer intent to injure in cases of child sexual abuse, this Court held, as a matter of law, that the insured " 'knew it was probable' " that his actions would cause mental and emotional injury to the child because of "the close relationship between an act of child sex abuse and resulting harm to the child." Id. at 540, 445 S.E.2d at 621.

We conclude that since sexual harassment is substantially certain to cause injury to the person harassed, intent to injure may be inferred as a matter of law from the intent to act for the purpose of determining coverage under an insurance policy. This inference applies despite the insured's testimony, as here, that he did not intend injury. Thus, under both the Great American and Royal policies, the injuries sustained by plaintiffs as a result of Hedgecock's acts of sexual harassment, as a matter of law, are not "accidents" and thus not bodily injuries caused by "occurrences." In addition, we hold that this inference of his intent to harm applies to Great American's specific exclusion for "expected or intended injury" and Royal's limitation in its definition of "occurrence" to accidents resulting in bodily injury which the insured neither expected nor intended to happen. Neither policy provides coverage for either the intentional infliction of emotional distress or battery claims.

This inference applies to preclude coverage under both policies even if the jury found intentional infliction of emotional distress based on a level of intent rising to reckless indifference. We reject plaintiffs' argument to the contrary. In order to prevail on a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant engaged in "(1) extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) which is intended to cause and does cause (3) severe emotional distress to another." Dickens v. Puryear, 302 N.C. 437, 452,...