Russell v. State

• Decision Date: 23 September 1991
• Docket Number: No. CR,CR
• Citation: Russell v. State, 306 Ark. 436, 815 S.W.2d 929 (Ark. 1991)
• Parties: Dennis RUSSELL, Appellant, v. STATE of Arkansas, Appellee. 91-79.
• Court: Arkansas Supreme Court

Page 929

815 S.W.2d 929

306 Ark. 436

Dennis RUSSELL, Appellant, v.STATE of Arkansas, Appellee.

No. CR 91-79.

Supreme Court of Arkansas.

Sept. 23, 1991.

Randy Rainwater, Mena, for appellant.

Sandy Moll, Asst. Atty. Gen., Little Rock, for appellee.

DUDLEY, Justice.

Appellant, Dennis Russell, tried to kill his daughter and mother and, as a result, was charged with two (2) counts of attempted first degree murder.The counts were tried together.He was convicted of attempted first degree murder for the attack on his daughter and attempted second degree murder for the attack on his mother.He appeals from both convictions in this one appeal.We affirm both convictions.

The evidence, when viewed most favorably to the appellee State, is as follows.On the evening of the attack, the appellant was driving his mother's car from Benton to Mena.His mother, Mary Nelson, was in the front passenger's seat.Two (2) children were in the rear seats; his eight-year-old niece, Kelly Russell, was in the right rear seat, and his two-year-old daughter, Christi Russell, was in the left rear seat.He drove slowly and made frequent stops to smoke cigarettes.His mother became agitated and asked him to speed up.He stopped the car, hit his mother in the face, and choked her.He then began stabbing her with a screwdriver.He started the car and began to drive.He steered with his left hand and continued to stab his mother with the screwdriver in his right hand.His mother finally grabbed the steering wheel and turned the car.He had to stop.She jumped out and fell down into a culvert.When she was found later, she had twenty-two (22) stab wounds, some of them being deep.

A state trooper saw her and stopped.She told him what had happened.He radioed for emergency medical help for the mother, left her with a motorist who had stopped, and started looking for appellant.He found him about half a mile away, near the mother's parked car.Inside the parked car were the two (2) girls.His two year old daughter, Christi, had numerous stab wounds, one stab being so vicious that it had broken a bone in her chest.

Shortly thereafter, an ambulance driven by Scott Brakefield arrived.Brakefield and the other emergency medical technician placed the mother, Mary Nelson, and the two-year-old, Christi, in the back of the ambulance and put the eight-year-old niece, Kelly, in the front passenger's seat.Brakefield started driving the ambulance to the nearest hospital which was in Hot Springs.

At trial, Brakefield testified that Kelly was talking nervously and told him that she was scared.She was rambling and said, "He was stabbing her."Brakefield asked, "Who was stabbing?" and Kelly replied, "Dennis."Brakefield also stated that Kelly told him, "Dennis told Mary he was going to kill her."Brakefield was at the scene for a total of twelve (12) minutes and the ambulance ride took forty-two (42) minutes.

Appellant objected to this testimony on the ground of hearsay and, more specifically, that the excited utterance exception did not apply because too much time had elapsed between the startling event and the girl's statements.On appeal, Russell argues; (1) that the girl's statements did not come within the excited utterance exception and (2) that there was no evidence that the girl possessed sufficient intelligence to render her statements reliable.

As for his first argument, A.R.E. Rule 803(2) provides:

The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness:

* * * * * *

(2) Excited utterance.A statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.

The following are requirements for admissibility of hearsay under the excited utterance exception:

(a) Nature of the occasion.There must be some occurrence, startling enough to produce this nervous excitement and render the utterance spontaneous and unreflecting....[I]n practically all of the instances-- involving statements after corporal injury by violence--such conditions are in fact present, and this requirement is fulfilled....

(b) Time of the utterance.The utterance must have been before there has been time to contrive and misrepresent, i.e., while the nervous excitement may be supposed still to dominate and the reflective powers to be yet in abeyance.This limitation is in practice the subject of most of the rulings.

It is to be observed that the statements need not be strictly contemporaneous with the exciting cause; they may be subsequent to it, provided there has not been time for the exciting influence to lose its sway and to be dissipated....

Furthermore, there can be no definite and fixed limit of time.Each case must depend upon its own circumstances: ...

(c) Subject of the utterance.The utterance must relate to the circumstances of the occurrence preceding it....[Emphasis in the original.]

6 J.H.Wigmore, Evidence § 1750(Chadbourn rev. 1976).

Upon the ordinary principle applicable to all testimonial evidence, and therefore to hearsay statements offered under these exceptions, the declarant must appear to have had an opportunity to observe personally the matter of which he speaks....[Emphasis in the original.Citations omitted.]

Id. at § 1751.

Here, the declarant was an eight-year-old girl who witnessed her uncle commit a violent attack upon her grandmother and two-year-old cousin.By the very nature of the occurrence, it was a startling event for her.Less than one hour elapsed between the event and Kelly's statements to the ambulance driver.Her statements were made under the influence of the excitement of the startling event.She made them while riding in the ambulance with her profusely bleeding and seriously injured grandmother and cousin.Her speech was rambling, and she said she was still scared.The statements were obviously related to the preceding startling event.Thus, the trial court properly admitted Kelly's statements under the hearsay exception for excited utterances.

In the second part of his argument on the excited utterance, appellant contends that the trial court erred in admitting the statement without a showing that Kelly was competent to testify.No such showing was necessary, as we explained in Bryan v. State, 288 Ark. 125, 702 S.W.2d 785(1986).The reason is that, although the hearsay statement lacks the safeguard of being made under oath, the probability of truth in an excited utterance supplies a reliable safeguard.

Appellant next argues that the trial court erred in admitting the opinion testimony of a second emergency medical technician, Reith Stanley, concerning the instrument which caused Mary Nelson's wounds.Stanley attended Nelson in the ambulance.During the State's direct examination of him, he stated that he had previously observed wounds made by screwdrivers.He testified that Nelson's wounds were square-shaped.He stated that it was his opinion that her wounds were caused by a square-headed or a Phillips head screwdriver.Appellant argues that Stanley should not...