Russell v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

• Decision Date: 15 December 1981
• Docket Number: No. 81-1190,81-1190
• Citation: Russell v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 666 F.2d 1188 (8th Cir. 1981)
• Parties: 9 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1090 Jolane RUSSELL, Appellant, v. UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC., Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 1188

666 F.2d 1188

9 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1090

Jolane RUSSELL, Appellant, v. UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC., Appellee.

No. 81-1190.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Nov. 9, 1981.

Decided Dec. 15, 1981.

Kenneth O. Smith (argued), James Welsh, Knipmeyer, McCann, Fish & Smith, Kansas City, Mo., for appellant.

Joseph A. Sherman (argued), John M. Lilla, Jackson & Sherman, P. C., Kansas City, Mo., for appellee.

Before ROSS and STEPHENSON, Circuit Judges, and WOODS, ^* District Judge.

WOODS, District Judge.

In this diversity case plaintiff obtained a judgment against her employer, United Parcel Service, Inc. for $25,000.00 compensatory and $160,000.00 punitive damages based upon § 287.780 R.S. Missouri. This statute prohibits discrimination for the exercise of rights granted by the Missouri Workers' Compensation statutes. The trial court ¹ sustained defendant's motion for judgment n. o. v. and in the alternative sustained defendant's motion for a new trial. We reverse the judgment n. o. v. and affirm the alternative order granting a new trial. We review the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff.

Plaintiff is a 40-year-old female truck driver assigned to pick-up and delivery routes in the Kansas City area. On September 8, 1976, while making deliveries on her assigned route, she was assaulted at gunpoint, blindfolded and repeatedly raped. At the hospital where she was taken by the police, plaintiff's superior criticized her for failing to first report the assault to her employer. As directed by her superiors, she reported for work the next day, gave a statement and worked at odd jobs in the headquarters building. On the following Monday she returned to her regular route and worked for two days accompanied by a supervisor. On Wednesday she was instructed to return unaccompanied to her regular route. She became hysterical, left work and reported to a rape crisis center. She was told that she could take time off and that medical treatment would be provided. She was off work from four to six weeks. After union intercession she was assigned to a different route. From time to time she would have a flashback to the rape incident. She began to see a psychologist on a weekly basis. There is evidence that plaintiff's superiors made it difficult for her to keep the appointments by assignment of her workload and that they were generally unsympathetic with her emotional problems.

On October 3, 1978 plaintiff injured her ankle while making deliveries. In spite of her telephone report of severe symptoms, she was instructed to continue on her route. It was subsequently determined that her ankle was fractured. There is evidence of similar rather callous treatment when plaintiff injured her back and later when she developed a dental infection.

Plaintiff claims that she was subjected to systematic harassment by defendant's supervisory personnel. They interferred with her medical appointments, removed her regular loader during the Christmas rush and reprimanded her for wearing a turtleneck sweater in cold weather, even though other employees were following a similar practice.

The Center Manager told her that she could be a supervisor if she would stop making so much trouble. She testified that line supervisors Reinhart and Terrazas told her that she was being treated in this manner because the center manager Kemp "was out to cause me as much trouble as possible for filing lawsuits and claims against the company." This latter testimony was focal to the granting of judgment n. o. v. The trial court regarded it as the "most favorable evidence in support of plaintiff's claim," but concluded that it "amounted to no more than a conclusion on the part of these two men completely absent any statement of fact to support their conclusion."

We do not agree. The testimony was received without objection. ² That the statements constitute an opinion or inference concerning the discriminatory attitude of Kemp toward plaintiff does not mean that they should be disregarded as conclusions. Rule 701 of the Federal Rules of Evidence permits lay testimony "in the form of opinions or inferences" which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue." In this case the two line supervisors at UPS were clearly in a position to discern the attitude of the center manager Kemp toward the plaintiff. Their statements went to the very heart of the issue before the jury. Even before the adoption of the Federal Rules of Evidence, it was the prevailing view that admissions in the form of opinions were competent. See McCormick, Evidence § 264 (1972) and cases cited in footnote 32, p. 632. Professor McCormick also points out that the traditional view and the greater number of decisions hold that firsthand knowledge is not required where admissions are involved. McCormick, supra, § 263. In our view the statements of Reinhart and Terrazas were admissions. We make this determination only in relation to the trial court's statement in his memorandum opinion that there was no "statement of fact" to support their conclusions. As McCormick points out in § 263, supra, such is not necessary for quite logical reasons. ³ "If for instance the declarant obtained his information ... from another employee who might have made an admission with substantial probative force, Rule 805 would be satisfied." ⁴ Weinstein, Evidence § 801(d)(2)(D)(01) p. 801-158 (1979).

While we may agree with the trial court that the statements of Reinhart and Terrazas were the most favorable evidence adduced by the plaintiff, we are not convinced that the record is devoid of other evidence to support her claim. The plaintiff was the only witness in her behalf. Her testimony accorded with the statement of facts given at the outset of this opinion. If the jury believed her testimony, which it had the right to do, there is substantial corroboration of her claim that Kemp and other officials were discriminating against her because of workers' compensation claims. In short, we believe that there was enough evidence presented to take this case to the jury. See Henderson v. St. Louis Housing Authority, 605 S.W.2d 800 (Mo.App.1979). The standard for testing a motion for judgment n. o. v. is well settled. ⁵

In the alternative the trial court granted defendant's motion for new trial. Rule 50(c) Fed.R.Civ.P. This court has the duty to review the appropriateness of the trial court's conditional granting of a new trial. See Vander Zee v. Karabatsos, 589 F.2d 723 (D.C.Cir.1978) and the cases cited therein, particularly Lind v. Schenley Industries, Inc., 278 F.2d 79, cert. denied, 364 U.S. 835, 81 S.Ct. 58, 5 L.Ed.2d 60 (1960). The standard of review on the alternative order granting a new trial is far different from the standard applicable to a judgment n. o. v. The test is whether there was an abuse of discretion. We do not find such abuse. The trial court concluded that (1) the verdict was against the great weight of the credible evidence; (2) certain evidence was admitted that was highly prejudicial and of questionable relevancy; (3) certain evidence concerning the rape and its aftermath was highly inflammatory; (4) the size of the verdict was based on extensive testimony concerning the rape, some of which was irrelevant and not evidence of discrimination; and (5) it would be a manifest injustice to...