Russo v. White

• Decision Date: 11 January 1991
• Docket Number: No. 900496,900496
• Citation: 241 Va. 23,400 S.E.2d 160
• Parties: Patricia B. RUSSO v. Burton WHITE. Record
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court

Page 160

400 S.E.2d 160

241 Va. 23

Patricia B. RUSSO v.Burton WHITE.

Record No. 900496.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

Jan. 11, 1991.

G. David Nixon(King, Fulghum, Snead, Nixon & Grimes, Roanoke, on briefs), for appellant.

Harry F. Bosen, Jr., Salem, for appellee.

Present: All the Justices.

COMPTON, Justice.

In this tort action, the plaintiff seeks recovery in damages for alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress, independent of any physical injury and unaccompanied by any physical impact.On appeal, we determine whether the trial court erred in sustaining the defendant's demurrer.

We will consider the plaintiff's allegations according to "the settled rule that a demurrer admits the truth of all well-pleaded material facts.All reasonable factual inferences fairly and justly drawn from the facts alleged must be considered in aid of the pleading.However, a demurrer does not admit the correctness of the pleader's conclusions of law."Fox v. Custis, 236 Va. 69, 71, 372 S.E.2d 373, 374(1988).

In an amended motion for judgment, appellantPatricia B. Russo sought to recover against appelleeBurton White for his allegedly outrageous conduct.The plaintiff asserted that she is a single parent who lives with her teen-age daughter.She alleged that in the Spring of 1987she"went on a date with defendant" and thereafter "did not date defendant again."

According to the pleading, plaintiff began receiving numerous "hang-up" calls from April through June, 1987.She asserted that in August 1987, defendant was convicted under Code§ 18.2-429 of " 'causing telephone to ring with intent to annoy,' " a misdemeanor.

Plaintiff further alleged that the same type of calls resumed in the Fall of 1987 and she began "keeping a log."Between November 25, 1987 and January 28, 1988, she received 340 "hang-up" calls, according to the plaintiff.Continuing, she alleged that she contacted the police in January 1988, and, with the aid of the police and the telephone company, "defendant was observed making 15 phone calls to plaintiff in quick succession from a telephone booth."She asserted that defendant was served with 15 warrants for committing the same crime for which he had been convicted during the previous August.The charges, she noted, "were taken under advisement."

The plaintiff also alleged that some of the calls were made at times which made "it apparent that defendant was watching plaintiff's house."According to plaintiff, defendant's conduct caused her "extreme emotional distress" because "not knowing defendant very well, she was not ... aware of his proclivity for violence."She asserted that this "consideration" weighed heavily on her, "due to her vulnerability as a single parent, and since she must leave her minor daughter alone at times."

Concluding, plaintiff alleged that, as a proximate result of defendant's "intentional acts,"she suffered "severe emotional distress."This resulted, she asserted, in "nervousness, sleeplessness, stress and its physical symptoms, withdrawal from activities which might necessitate plaintiff leaving her daughter at home, [and] lack of concentration at work to the point where she received a reprimand."

In a demurrer to the amended motion, defendant contended that plaintiff failed to sufficiently set forth "either the legal elements or factual basis" to support a claim of "intentional infliction of emotional harm."Upon consideration of argument of counsel, the trial court sustained the demurrer.We awarded the plaintiff this appeal from the January 1990 judgment order dismissing the action.

In Womack v. Eldridge, 215 Va. 338, 210 S.E.2d 145(1974), this Court joined a growing number of jurisdictions which explicitly recognized the existence of an independent tort referred to as "the intentional infliction of emotional distress," sometimes called the tort of "outrage."See annot., Modern Status of Intentional Infliction of Mental Distress as Independent Tort; "Outrage."38 A.L.R.4th 998(1985).Academics take credit for the development of this modern tort, which was finally defined in the Restatement (Second) of Torts§ 46(1965)(hereinafter Restatement).Givelber, The Right to Minimum Social Decency and the Limits of Evenhandedness: Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress by Outrageous Conduct, 82 Colum.L.Rev. 42, 42-43(1982).

The tort, however, "differs from traditional intentional torts in an important respect: it provides no clear definition of the prohibited conduct."Id. at 51.Assault, battery, and false imprisonment "describe specific forms of behavior," but the term "outrageous""does not objectively describe an act or series of acts; rather, it represents an evaluation of behavior.The concept thus fails to provide clear guidance either to those whose conduct it purports to regulate, or to those who must evaluate that conduct."Id.Indeed, we have said recently that such torts are "not favored" in the law.Ruth v. Fletcher, 237 Va. 366, 373, 377 S.E.2d 412, 415(1989).

Nevertheless, in an effort to establish meaningful standards for adjudication of such claims, we adopted a four-pronged approach in Womack, patterned after the Restatement definition.We stated that emotional distress resulting from a non-tactile tort may be compensated if the plaintiff alleges, and proves by clear and convincing evidence, that: the wrongdoer's conduct is intentional or reckless; the conduct is outrageous and intolerable; the alleged wrongful conduct and emotional distress are causally connected; and, the distress is severe.215 Va. at 342, 210 S.E.2d at 148.

In this case, the defendant does not dispute that the plaintiff's pleading sufficiently alleges facts to comply with the first and third prongs of Womack.Thus, we will address the remaining two prongs, keeping in mind that the trial court must initially determine whether the facts alleged will support a finding of both outrageousness and severe emotional distress.See Restatement comments h and j;Ruth, 237 Va. at 368, 377 S.E.2d at 413.

Under the second prong, it is insufficient for a defendant to have "acted with an intent which is tortious or even criminal."Restatement comment d. Even if a defendant"has intended to inflict emotional distress," or his conduct can be "characterized by 'malice,' or a degree of aggravation which would entitle the plaintiff to punitive damages for another tort," the requirement of the second prong has not been satisfied.Id."Liability has been found only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community."Id.

The plaintiff contends that for "White to call her over a two month period an average of 5.6 times per day is intolerable and offends any sense of decency and morality in a civilized society."Conceding that defendant did not speak during the calls, plaintiff argues that they nonetheless were "threatening" because of "their frequency and the fact that White was calling a single parent with a young child who had extremely limited contact with him so as not to be able to judge White's proclivity for violence."She contends that, given the persistence with which defendant"harassed" her with "these threatening calls it was more than reasonable for her to feel that White was likely to escalate the matter to the point of violence."Thus, according to plaintiff, defendant's conduct constituted intentional infliction of emotional distress.

We will agree with the plaintiff and assume, without deciding, that defendant's conduct rose to the level of outrageousness required to support the cause of action.Consequently, we will focus on the fourth prong of Womack and decide whether the plaintiff's emotional distress was "severe."

The term "emotional distress" travels under many labels, such as, "mental suffering, mental anguish, mental or nervous shock....It includes all highly unpleasant mental reactions, such as fright, horror, grief, shame, humiliation, embarrassment, anger, chagrin, disappointment, worry, and nausea."Restatement comment j. But liability arises only when the emotional distress is extreme, and only where the distress inflicted is so severe that no reasonable person could be expected to endure it.Id.

Here, plaintiff alleged that she suffered "severe emotional distress" and "extreme emotional distress."But, even on demurrer, the court is not bound by such conclusory allegations when the issue involves, as here, a mixed question of law and fact.This is not a negligence case where, according to Rule 3:16(b), an allegation of "negligence" is sufficient...