S. Bay United Pentecostal Church v. Newsom

• Citation: 141 S.Ct. 716 (Mem),209 L.Ed.2d 22
• Decision Date: 05 February 2021
• Docket Number: No. 20A136 (20-746),20A136 (20-746)
• Parties: SOUTH BAY UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH, et al., v. Gavin NEWSOM, Governor of California, et al.
• Court: United States Supreme Court

141 S.Ct. 716 (Mem)

209 L.Ed.2d 22

SOUTH BAY UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH, et al.,

v.Gavin NEWSOM, Governor of California, et al.

No. 20A136 (20-746)

Supreme Court of the United States.

February 5, 2021

The application for injunctive relief presented to Justice KAGAN and by her referred to the Court is granted in part. Respondents are enjoined from enforcing the Blueprint's Tier 1 prohibition on indoor worship services against the applicants pending disposition of the petition for a writ of certiorari. The application is denied with respect to the percentage capacity limitations, and respondents are not enjoined from imposing a 25% capacity limitation on indoor worship services in Tier 1. The application is denied with respect to the prohibition on singing and chanting during indoor services. This order is without prejudice to the applicants presenting new evidence to the District Court that the State is not applying the percentage capacity limitations or the prohibition on singing and chanting in a generally applicable manner. Should the petition for a writ of certiorari be denied, this order shall terminate automatically. In the event the petition for a writ of certiorari is granted, the order shall terminate upon the sending down of the judgment of this Court.

Justice THOMAS and Justice GORSUCH would grant the application in full.

Justice ALITO would grant the application with respect to all of the capacity restrictions on indoor worship services and the prohibition against indoor singing and chanting, and would stay for 30 days an injunction against the percentage attendance caps and the prohibition against indoor singing and chanting. Justice ALITO would have the stay lift in 30 days unless the State demonstrates clearly that nothing short of those measures will reduce the community spread of COVID–19 at indoor religious gatherings to the same extent as do the restrictions the State enforces with respect to other activities it classifies as essential.

CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS, concurring in the partial grant of application for injunctive relief.

As I explained the last time the Court considered this evolving case, federal courts owe significant deference to politically accountable officials with the "background, competence, and expertise to assess public health." South Bay United Pentecostal Church v. Newsom , 590 U. S. ––––, ––––, 140 S.Ct. 1613, 1614, 207 L.Ed.2d 154 (2020) (opinion concurring in denial of application for injunctive relief). The State has concluded, for example, that singing indoors poses a heightened risk of transmitting COVID–19. I see no basis in this record for overriding that aspect of the state public health framework. At the same time, the State's present determination—that the maximum number of adherents who can safely worship in the most cavernous cathedral is zero—appears to reflect not expertise or discretion, but instead insufficient appreciation or consideration of the interests at stake.

I adhere to the view that the "Constitution principally entrusts the safety and the health of the people to the politically accountable officials of the States." Ibid. (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). But the Constitution also entrusts the protection of the people's rights to the Judiciary—not despite judges being shielded by life tenure, see post, at 720 (KAGAN, J., dissenting), but because they are. Deference, though broad, has its limits.

Justice BARRETT, with whom Justice KAVANAUGH joins, concurring in the partial grant of application for injunctive relief.

I agree with Justice GORSUCH's statement, save its contention that the Court should enjoin California's prohibition on singing and chanting during indoor services. The applicants bore the burden of establishing their entitlement to relief from the singing ban. In my view, they did not carry that burden—at least not on this record. As the case comes to us, it remains unclear whether the singing ban applies across the board (and thus constitutes a neutral and generally applicable law) or else favors certain sectors (and thus triggers more searching review). Of course, if a chorister can sing in a Hollywood studio but not in her church, California's regulations cannot be viewed as neutral. But the record is uncertain, and the decisions below unfortunately shed little light on the issue. As the order notes, however, the applicants remain free to show that the singing ban is not generally applicable and to advance their claim accordingly.

Statement of Justice GORSUCH, with whom Justice THOMAS and Justice ALITO join.

Often, courts addressing First Amendment free exercise challenges face difficult questions about whether a law reflects " ‘subtle departures from neutrality,’ " " ‘religious gerrymander[ing],’ " or "impermissible targeting" of religion. Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Hialeah , 508 U.S. 520, 534–535, 113 S.Ct. 2217, 124 L.Ed.2d 472 (1993). But not here. Since the arrival of COVID–19, California has openly imposed more stringent regulations on religious institutions than on many businesses. The State's spreadsheet summarizing its pandemic rules even assigns places of worship their own row. See App. to Emergency Application for Writ of Injunction, App. G–3. At "Tier 1," applicable today in most of the State, California forbids any kind of indoor worship. Meanwhile, the State allows most retail operations to proceed indoors with 25% occupancy, and other businesses to operate at 50% occupancy or more. See ibid ; see also ––– F. 3d ––––, 2021 WL 222814, App. A (CA9, Jan. 22, 2021). Apparently, California is the only State in the country that has gone so far as to ban all indoor religious services. See Brief for Becket Fund for Religious Liberty as Amicus Curiae , 5–6.

When a State so obviously targets religion for differential treatment, our job becomes that much clearer. As the Ninth Circuit recognized, regulations like these violate the First Amendment unless the State can show they are the least restrictive means of achieving a compelling government interest. ––– F. 3d, at ––––, 2021 WL 222814, *9.

In cases implicating this form of "strict scrutiny," courts nearly always face an individual's claim of constitutional right pitted against the government's claim of special expertise in a matter of high importance involving public health or safety. It has never been enough for the State to insist on deference or demand that individual rights give way to collective interests. Of course we are not scientists, but neither may we abandon the field when government officials with experts in tow seek to infringe a constitutionally protected liberty. The whole point of strict scrutiny is to test the government's assertions, and our precedents make plain that it has always been a demanding and rarely satisfied standard. See Lukumi , 508 U.S. at 546, 113 S.Ct. 2217. Even in times of crisis—perhaps especially in times of crisis—we have a duty to hold governments to the Constitution.

Still, California says it can thread the needle. It insists that religious worship is so different that it demands especially onerous regulation. The State offers essentially four reasons why: It says that religious exercises involve (1) large numbers of people mixing from different households; (2) in close physical proximity; (3) for extended periods; (4) with singing.

No one before us disputes that factors like these may increase the risk of transmitting COVID–19. And no one need doubt that the State has a compelling interest in reducing that risk. This Court certainly is not downplaying the suffering many have experienced in this pandemic. But California errs to the extent it suggests its four factors are always present in worship, or always absent from the other secular activities its regulations allow. Nor has California sought to explain why it cannot address its legitimate concerns with rules short of a total ban. Each of the State's shortcomings are telltale signs this Court has long used to identify laws that fail strict scrutiny. See, e.g., First Nat. Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765, 793, 98 S.Ct. 1407, 55 L.Ed.2d 707 (1978) (The State's proffered "purpose is belied, however, by the provisions of the statute, which are both underinclusive and overinclusive.").

Consider California's arguments in turn. The State presumes that worship inherently involves a large number of people. Never mind that scores might pack into train stations or wait in long checkout lines in the businesses the State allows to remain open. Never mind, too, that some worshippers may seek only to pray in solitude, go to confession, or study in small groups. See Harvest Rock Church, Inc. v. Newsom, App. to Emergency Application for Writ of Injunction, No. 20A137, Exh. A, No. 20–56357, p. 4, n. 1 (CA9, Jan. 25, 2021) (O'Scannlain, J., specially concurring). Nor does California explain why the less restrictive option of limiting the number of people who may gather at one time is insufficient for houses of worship, even though it has found that answer adequate for so many stores and businesses.

Next, the State tells us that worshippers are sure to seek close physical interactions. It touts its mild climate, too, suggesting that worshippers might enjoy more space outdoors. Yet, California is not as concerned with the close physical proximity of hairstylists or manicurists to their customers, whom they touch and remain near for extended periods. The State does not force them or retailers to do all their business in parking lots and parks. And California allows people to sit in relatively close proximity inside buses too. Nor, again, does California explain why the narrower options it thinks adequate in many secular settings—such as social distancing requirements, masks, cleaning, plexiglass barriers, and the like—cannot suffice here. Especially when those measures are in routine use in religious services across the country today.

California worries that worship brings people...