Safir v. Gibson
| Decision Date | 26 September 1969 |
| Docket Number | No. 571-573,Dockets 33389-33391.,571-573 |
| Citation | 417 F.2d 972 |
| Parties | Marshall P. SAFIR, Arnold Weissberger and Sapphire Steamship Lines, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Andrew GIBSON, Successor to and Substituted for James W. Gulick, Acting Maritime Administrator, Maritime Administration, United States Department of Commerce, James S. Dawson, Jr., Secretary, Maritime Subsidiary Board, Maritime Administration, United States Department of Commerce, and Maurice Stans, Successor to and Substituted for C. R. Smith, Secretary of Commerce of the United States, Appellees. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit |
COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED
Isadore B. Hurwitz, New York City, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Daniel Joseph (William D. Ruckelshaus, Asst. Atty. Gen., Vincent T. McCarthy, U. S. Atty., Alan S. Rosenthal, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C.), for appellees.
Before WATERMAN, FRIENDLY and KAUFMAN, Circuit Judges.
The plaintiffs in this action are Sapphire Steamship Lines, Inc., and two of its officers and stockholders. In March, 1965, Sapphire began operations as an unsubsidized common carrier by water, undercutting the rates of various carriers which were members of a conference known as the Atlantic and Gulf American Flag Berth Operators (AGAFBO). Shortly thereafter, on March 29, 1965, AGAFBO drastically reduced its rates to an admittedly unfair, unreasonable and noncompensatory level. As a result of this reduction, Sapphire was deprived of cargo which was indispensable to its profitable operation. Some eleven months later, on March 1, 1966, AGAFBO raised its rates to their former levels. Sapphire went out of business in March of the following year and was adjudged a bankrupt that May.
On December 12, 1967, the Federal Maritime Commission issued a report, Docket No. 65-13, on the result of an investigation "of virtually the entire spectrum of the U.S. military cargoes," in which AGAFBO was a respondent. The Commission concluded that "the drastic reductions in AGAFBO's rates were designed for but one purpose, the elimination of Sapphire from the carriage of military cargo" by unfair competition, and thus were "so unreasonably low as to be detrimental to the commerce of the United States and contrary to the public interest as well." The Commission found that by willfully setting its rates at this level AGAFBO violated § 15 of the Shipping Act, 1916, as amended, 46 U.S.C. § 814.1
Counsel for Sapphire promptly wrote the Acting Maritime Administrator and the Maritime Subsidy Board requesting that subsidy payments to members of AGAFBO be terminated and that action be instituted to recover subsidies paid since March 29, 1965, the date AGAFBO reduced its rates.2 The request was based on § 810 of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, 46 U.S.C. § 1227, which provides:
The Secretary of the Subsidy Board answered that the Board would "take whatever action it deems appropriate in keeping with the provisions of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, as amended." Similar letters written after expiration of the time to appeal from the FMC's decision received a similar noncommittal reply. In fact, the Maritime Administration has taken no action whatever.
Plaintiffs thereupon instituted this suit in the District Court for the Eastern District of New York against the Acting Maritime Administrator, the Secretary of the Subsidy Board, and the Secretary of Commerce. The complaint alleged substantially the foregoing facts and sought a declaration that § 810 barred subsidy payments to the AGAFBO lines and an order compelling defendants to stop such payments and to take appropriate legal action to recover subsidies paid since March 29, 1965. Federal jurisdiction was sufficiently predicated on 28 U.S.C. § 1337, which gives the district courts jurisdiction over any actions arising under any Act of Congress regulating commerce, cf., Empresa Hondurena de Vapores, S.A. v. McLeod, 300 F.2d 222, 226-27 (2 Cir. 1962), vacated on other grounds sub nom. McCulloch v. Sociedad Nacional de Marineros de Honduras, 372 U.S. 10, 83 S.Ct. 671, 9 L.Ed.2d 547 (1963), and 28 U.S.C. § 1361, which gives the district courts jurisdiction over "any action in the nature of mandamus to compel an officer or employee of the United States or any agency thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff."3 On defendants' motion the complaint was dismissed for failure to state a claim on which relief could be granted.4 The plaintiffs have appealed.
Two major issues are presented: Whether plaintiffs have standing to sue, and if so, to what extent the acts complained of are unreviewable because they are committed to agency discretion. Neither question can be answered without a close examination of the statute to determine what interests it was designed to protect and how it was designed to protect them. It is unfortunate — though not surprising — that § 810 does not deal expressly with a situation where the Maritime Administrator refuses to take steps concerning subsidy payments to violators; since it does not, we must analyze the statutory scheme as a whole and the legislative history of the Act to arrive at a judgment of what Congress would have wanted done if this problem had occurred to it.
At the outset we must reject the suggestion of the district court that because the statute is difficult to interpret, its interpretation is a matter entirely within the agency's discretion. As Professor Jaffe has said, Jaffe, Judicial Control of Administrative Action 572 (1965). We deal here with an issue requiring reconciliation of two conflicting statutory purposes — the general policy of the Act to build up the American merchant marine through subsidy payments and the direction of § 810 for withdrawal of those subsidies when they are used to hurt rather than help. "The question in each case of consistency with statutory purpose is addressed to the judge." Id. at 575.
The Merchant Marine Act, 1936, §§ 501-610, 49 Stat. 1995, provided a new method of subsidizing American-flag shipping, primarily by construction-differential and operating-differential subsidies. In the course of debate, Senator O'Mahoney of Wyoming and Senator Clark of Missouri brought up the case of a subsidized American-flag line which by a conference agreement with foreign lines was "crushing out of existence an American line which enjoys no subsidy." The victim had assured the committee that "without any subsidy, if removed from the incubus of this conference and of the subsidy which is granted to the American subsidized line, * * * it could compete with all the lines of the world." 80 Cong.Rec. 9921 (1936). Senator O'Mahoney asked Senator Copeland of New York, who was in charge of the bill:
Would it not be a simple matter to provide by amendment that no subsidy of any kind or character shall be paid to any shipping line or shipping concern which has entered into an arrangement to destroy any other American line? Id. 9922.
Senator Copeland undertook to "consult the experts and see if they can choose language to cover what the Senator has in mind." Id. The next day Senator O'Mahoney offered as an amendment what became § 810. After referring to the evil "of paying a subsidy to an American line which was in truth and fact engaged in a conspiracy with foreign lines to discriminate against another American line," he stated, more broadly, that the amendment would "make it clear to the United States Maritime Commission that it is the intention of Congress not to pay subsidies of any kind to any American line which is willing to enter into any combination with other lines, including those operating under foreign flags, to crush American competition."5 He added:
In order to give an opportunity to those who may be injured by illegal combinations of the kind I have described to protect themselves I have incorporated in this amendment the principle of section 4 of the Clayton Act which permits the victim of such unfair practices to sue for treble damages.
Senator Copeland made no objection and the amendment was adopted. 80 Cong. Rec. 10075-76 (1936).
The legislative history demonstrates that termination of subsidies was not designed to be a purely penal measure, although quite likely the punitive effect was considered a desirable byproduct. The primary concern manifested was with the added burden which subsidies impose on the competitive position of the victim. We think this concern also extends to the interest of a former victim in the...
To continue reading
Request your trial
-
Century Arms, Inc. v. Kennedy
...Action 572 (1965). To define the permissible limits of an administrator's discretion is a peculiarly judicial function. Safir v. Gibson, 417 F.2d 972 (2d Cir. 1969). Mr. Justice Frankfurter apparently saw it as a necessary assumption of federal jurisdiction. In a vigorous dissent to Larson,......
-
Wright v. Califano
...Weingarten, Inc., 336 F.2d 687, 691-92 (5th Cir. 1964); Deering-Milliken, Inc. v. Johnston, 295 F.2d 856 (4th Cir. 1961); Safir v. Gibson, 417 F.2d 972 (2d Cir. 1969); and American Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 89 U.S.App.D.C. 298, 191 F.2d 492 (1951). However, as the Fifth Circuit noted in Wein......
-
Harlem Valley Transp. Ass'n v. Stafford
...Casarino v. United States,431 F.2d 775, 777 (2d Cir. 1970); Feliciano v. Laird, 426 F.2d 424, 429 (2d Cir. 1970); Safir v. Gibson, 417 F.2d 972, 978 (2d Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 850, 91 S.Ct. 57, 27 L.Ed.2d 88 1970); United States ex rel. Schonbrun v. Commanding Officer, Armed For......
-
Chaudoin v. Atkinson
...denied, 394 U.S. 929, 89 S.Ct. 1195, 22 L.Ed.2d 460 (1969). See Casarino v. United States, 431 F.2d 775 (2d Cir. 1970); Safir v. Gibson, 417 F. 2d 972 (2d Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 850, 91 S.Ct. 57, 27 L.Ed.2d 88 (1970); Ashe v. McNamara, 355 F.2d 277 (1st Cir. 1965). Accordingly, ......