Samples v. State

• Decision Date: 12 June 1923
• Docket Number: 7 Div. 871. [*]
• Citation: 98 So. 211,19 Ala.App. 478
• Parties: SAMPLES v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Court of Appeals

98 So. 211

19 Ala.App. 478

SAMPLES v. STATE.

7 Div. 871. ^[*]

Court of Appeals of Alabama

June 12, 1923

Rehearing Denied Nov. 27, 1923.

Appeal from Circuit Court, De Kalb County; W. W. Haralson, Judge.

Orville Samples was convicted of practicing dentistry without a license, and appeals. Affirmed.

Isbell & Scott, of Ft. Payne, for appellant.

Harwell G. Davis, Atty. Gen., and Lamar Field, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.

FOSTER J.

The indictment charged that the defendant practiced, or engaged in the business of, dentistry without a license.

Defendant was tried by the court without the intervention of a jury was found guilty, and fined $100.

The demurrer which was interposed to the indictment is not referred to in the judgment entry, and cannot therefore be passed upon by this court. Bradford v. State, 18 Ala. App. 401, 92 So. 17.

Defendant's plea A, to which demurrer was properly sustained, reads as follows:

"The defendant for further answer says:

"A. That on September 25, 1915, the Legislature of Alabama passed, the Governor of Alabama approved, and there went into effect, a law repealing all laws and parts of laws that made it unlawful for persons who had been practicing dentistry in the state of Alabama for a period of 20 years or more prior to said act to practice said profession or calling without first procuring a certificate of qualification from the board of dental examiners of Alabama. That the defendant had practiced dentistry for more than 20 years, continued to so practice since said act, and has invested his money and time in buying equipments and building a practice in his profession, and if any law has been enacted under which he can now be prosecuted the same is void as being in violation of the Constitution of Alabama as being destructive of vested rights."

The appellant's counsel insist that the defendant had acquired a vested right and estate in his profession under the act of 1915, which provides:

"That all persons who have practiced dentistry or dental surgery in this state for a period of twenty years or more shall be permitted to continue in the practice of the said profession without being required to obtain a license from the board of dental examiners of Alabama." Acts 1915, p 923.

The act of 1915 was expressly repealed by an act found at page 148, Acts 1919. A later act of 1919 requires any person before practicing dentistry in this state to first obtain a certificate or license from the board of dental examiners of Alabama. Acts 1919, p. 784.

"It is a general rule *** that when a statute is repealed it stands as if it had never existed, except as to vested rights which have accrued under its operation." Blake v. State, 178 Ala. 407, 59 So. 623.

The Legislature has full power to take away by statute rights not vested, which have been conferred by statute. Luke v. Calhoun County, 56 Ala. 415.

The exemption promised in the act of 1915 did not constitute a contract which a subsequent Legislature could not repeal. Dunlap v. State, 76 Ala. 460. The question for decision is:

"Did a vested right to practice dentistry in Alabama accrue to the defendant under the operation of the act of 1915?"

A mere expectation based upon the continuance of the present general laws cannot be regarded as a vested right. Cooley's Const. Lim. 359.

"It is undoubtedly the right of every citizen of the United States to follow any lawful calling, business, or profession he may choose, subject only to such restrictions as are imposed upon all persons of like age, sex and condition. This right may in many respects be considered as a distinguishing feature of our republican institutions. Here all vocations are open to every one on like conditions. All may be pursued as sources of livelihood, some requiring years of study and great learning for their successful prosecution. The interest, or, as it is sometimes termed, the estate acquired in them-that is, the right to continue their prosecution-is often of great value to the possessors, and cannot be arbitrarily taken from them, any more than their real or personal property can be thus taken. But there is no arbitrary deprivation of such right where its exercise is not permitted because of a failure to comply with conditions imposed by the state for the protection of society. The power of the state to provide for the general welfare of its people authorizes it to prescribe all such regulations as, in its judgment, will secure or tend to secure them against the consequences of ignorance and incapacity as well as of deception and fraud. As one means to this end it has been the practice of different states, from time immemorial, to exact in many pursuits a certain degree of skill and learning upon which the community may confidently rely, their possession being generally ascertained upon an examination of parties by competent persons, or inferred from a certificate to them in the form of a diploma or license from an institution established for instruction on the subjects, scientific and otherwise, with which such pursuits have to deal. The nature and extent of the qualifications required must depend primarily upon the judgment of the state as to their necessity. If they are appropriate to the calling or profession, and attainable by reasonable study or application, no objection to their validity can be raised because of their stringency or difficulty. It is only when they have no

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