Samuel v. University of Pittsburgh
Decision Date | 06 June 1975 |
Docket Number | Civ. A. No. 71-1202. |
Citation | 395 F. Supp. 1275 |
Parties | Cynthia Jo SAMUEL and Dena Meyers, Individually, and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH et al., Defendants. |
Court | U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Pennsylvania |
Michael Malakoff, Berger & Kapetan, Homer W. King, King, Bowman & Hanna, Richard R. Isaacson, James H. Joseph, Joseph & Hershman, P. C., Pittsburgh, Pa., for plaintiffs.
Israel Packel, Atty. Gen., Barry A. Roth, Deputy Atty. Gen., Thomas F. Halloran, Asst. Atty. Gen., James M. Arensberg, Tucker, Arensberg & Ferguson, Pittsburgh, Pa., Delbert McQuaide, John C. Gilliland, II, McQuaide, Blasko, Brown & Geiser, State College, Pa., Peter Platten, Richard Z. Freemann, Jr., Ballard, Spahr, Andrews & Ingersoll, Philadelphia, Pa., Frank P. Lawley, Jr., Chief Counsel, Robert P. Meehan, Counsel, Dept. of Auditor Gen., Legal Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa., for defendants.
This protracted litigation is now before the Court for resolution of its final aspects. However, before the substantive aspects of the case may be dealt with it is necessary to resolve a preliminary matter.
Counsel for plaintiffs, Michael P. Malakoff, has moved the Court to recuse itself under 28 U.S.C. § 144 and 28 U.S. C. § 455(b)(1). Section 144 of the Judicial Code reads as follows:
The relevant portion of Section 455 ( ) reads as follows:
Section 3 of Pub.L. 93-512 provides: "This Act shall not apply to the trial of any proceeding commenced prior to the date of this Act Dec. 5, 1974, nor to appellate review of any proceeding which was fully submitted to the reviewing court prior to the date of this Act." The above-captioned action was filed in 1971, some three years prior to the effective date of § 455(b)(1). However, since amended § 455 changes the original Section 4552 by liberalizing the disqualification procedure to favor the moving party,3 I will consider both amended Section 455 and Section 144 to be equally applicable.
Initially, it is important to point out that the language of § 455(a) that disqualification is called for "in any proceeding in which the judge's impartiality might reasonably be questioned," does not amount to a grant of automatic veto power in order that counsel might choose a judge who meets with their approval. As stated by the Senate Judiciary Committee in discussing revised § 455:
S.Rep.No. 93-419, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. 1973, p. 5 (emphasis in original).
The other applicable statute, 28 U.S.C. § 144, provides the means by which a litigant can file an affidavit of such bias or prejudice as is contemplated by § 455. Section 144 requires disqualification if the affidavit is sufficient, that is, based upon specific facts and reasons, rather than upon conclusory allegations and speculation. Action Realty Co. v. Will, 427 F.2d 843 (8th Cir. 1970). Although the facts stated in such an affidavit must be accepted as true4 by the judge even though he knows them to be false (Hodgson v. Liquor Salesmen's Union, 444 F.2d 1344 (2d Cir. 1971)), the affidavit must be strictly construed against the party seeking disqualification. Beland v. United States, 117 F.2d 958 (5th Cir. 1941). "In sum, a judge must be presumed to be qualified, and there must be a substantial burden upon the affiant to show grounds for believing the contrary." In re Union Leader Corp., 292 F.2d 381, 389 (1st Cir. 1961).
The judge who is the object of the affidavit must determine the factual and legal sufficiency of the motion and ascertain whether the facts alleged fairly support a charge of bias or prejudice. Grimes v. United States, 396 F.2d 331 (9th Cir. 1968); Deal v. Warner, 369 F.Supp. 174 (D.Mo.1973).
Malakoff's affidavit states that "plaintiffs and their attorneys believe that this court:
The Court need not, of course, engage in point by point discussion or denial of the matters raised in such an affidavit in order to pass upon its sufficiency. The amendments to § 455 were not designed to encourage debate between the judiciary and the federal bar. Malakoff contends that 1) off-the-record statements made at conferences on April 19 and May 14, 1974, statements made off the record because they did not concern the subject of those conferences; and 2) the report of counsel from another firm of a private conversation I supposedly had during a 1973 Bench-Bar Conference;5 and 3) my decision in an entirely unrelated case, support his allegations of prejudice.
It is of particular concern to me that counsel seems here to misapprehend the critical distinction between a Federal judge's expression of personal philosophy (which is certainly permissible) and his expression of an opinion on some facet of a particular case which is before him (which would be impermissible). This is especially so with regard to my alleged remarks at the 1973 Bench-Bar Conference. If this distinction did not apply, a judge could neither write books nor articles, nor could he speak on legal subjects. Indeed, he could not write opinions, since such a contention as asserted by Malakoff would then disqualify him from hearing subsequent cases involving the same points of law.
Unless it has been the intention of Congress that only ciphers be appointed to the federal bench (an absurd theory), the expression of opinion on legal matters is certainly permitted. Federal judges give, indeed are usually invited to give, their views in many different formal and informal situations. Almost invariably those views bear some relation to litigation which has been or will be before them. That counsel disagrees with a judge's opinion, so expressed, cannot be grounds for disqualification.6
The definitive opinion on the permissible expression of a federal judge's personal philosophy, considered in a context of a motion to disqualify, is Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Local Union 542, 388 F.Supp. 155 (E.D.Pa.1974). Beyond noting that the alleged 1973 statements with which counsel takes issue could not have concerned attorneys' fees in this case because counsels' petition for such fees was not filed until March of 1975, there is little I can add to Judge Higginbotham's comprehensive discussion of the subject.
I have reviewed counsels' affidavit and find that the speculation and conclusory allegations contained therein7 do not provide a basis upon which a reasonable man might discern prejudice or just reason for disqualification.
Even if this were not so, however, an additional ground exists for the denial of Malakoff's motion. Under the standard of § 144, the reviewing judge is to test the affidavit not only for its sufficiency but also for its timeliness. The statute's reference to terms of court being obsolete, the inquiry into timeliness is concerned with the movant's reasonable diligence in filing such an affidavit. Even if it were assumed for the sake of argument that at the April and May 1974 conferences I had expressed the most callous indifference to plaintiffs' cause and made the most blatant of prejudicial statements, which of course is not the case, nevertheless, in the thirteen months intervening, plaintiffs' counsel has, among numerous other things, 1) moved for an order directing judgment; 2) moved to certify the case under 28 U.S.C. § 1292; 3) prosecuted an unsuccessful appeal; 4) moved to compel the further-production of documents; and, 5) formally petitioned the court for attorneys' fees. As has been repeatedly held, the affidavit will be considered untimely if the affiant, after knowledge of the facts showing the supposed bias, has sought to invoke the court...
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