Schaffer v. Schaffer, 22A04-0709-CV-513.
| Decision Date | 23 April 2008 |
| Docket Number | No. 22A04-0709-CV-513.,22A04-0709-CV-513. |
| Citation | 884 N.E.2d 423 |
| Parties | Nicole A. SCHAFFER, Appellant-Respondent, v. Robert J. SCHAFFER, Appellee-Petitioner. |
| Court | Indiana Appellate Court |
Joseph P. Weber, Mickey K. Weber, Jeffersonville, IN, Attorneys for Appellant.
Richard R. Fox, Steven A. Gustafson, New Albany, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.
Nicole A. Schaffer appeals the trial court's denial of her request to terminate third party stepparent Robert J. Schaffer's visitation rights with her daughter, M.S. Specifically, Nicole argues that the trial court's denial violated her due process rights because the court failed to apply a parental presumption favoring her decisions regarding the care, custody, and control of M.S. Finding that this parental presumption applies to initial visitation proceedings but that Nicole did not appeal the order establishing visitation between Robert and M.S., we conclude that the parental presumption does not apply to the modification of visitation. As such, because Nicole has failed to prove that it is in the best interests of M.S. to terminate visitation with Robert, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
In February 2000, Robert and Nicole married. On April 26, 2001, Nicole gave birth to M.S. Although Robert is not M.S.'s biological father and he was aware from the time Nicole was pregnant with M.S. that he was not her biological father, he was listed as M.S.'s father on her birth certificate. Robert also cared and provided for M.S. for the first two and one-half year of her life. Robert and Nicole separated in November 2003. Upon separation, Robert stopped living in the same household as Nicole and M.S. In July 2004, Robert filed a petition for dissolution of marriage. Robert exercised visitation with M.S. throughout the dissolution proceedings. The parties' marriage was dissolved in May 2006. Upon dissolution, Nicole was awarded sole custody of M.S. and Robert was awarded visitation because of his custodial relationship with M.S. during those two and one-half years and because visitation was in M.S.'s best interests. See Appellant's App. p. 6 ( No. 11). Specifically, Robert "was granted visitation one weekend per month from Noon on Saturday until 6:00 p.m. on Sunday, one weeknight every other week from 5:30 p.m. until 7:30 p.m. ... and one week during the summer." Id. at 7 ( No. 12). No appeal was taken from this 2006 order of visitation.
On February 21, 2007, when M.S. was almost six years old, DNA testing confirmed that Charles Moon is M.S.'s biological father. Pursuant to the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines, Moon was awarded parenting time and ordered to pay support in accordance with the Indiana Child Support Guidelines.
Although Robert and Moon both exercised their respective parenting time, issues developed between Robert and Nicole concerning the scheduling of Robert's visitation. As a result, on January 9, 2007, Robert filed a petition to modify visitation. He included a proposed visitation schedule for the calendar year of 2007 and asked for reasonable telephone visitation with M.S. Nicole filed a response in which she requested that the court terminate Robert's visitation rights because he is not M.S.'s biological father. Thereafter, the trial court held a hearing. On July 17, 2007, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law reducing Robert's visitation and denying Nicole's request for termination of those rights. Nicole now appeals from the trial court's order denying her request to terminate Robert's visitation rights.
Nicole contends that the trial court erred by denying her request to terminate Robert's visitation rights. In doing so, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52. Thus, we must determine whether the evidence supports the findings and whether the findings support the judgment. Staresnick v. Staresnick, 830 N.E.2d 127, 131 (Ind.Ct.App.2005), reh'g denied. The findings and conclusions will be set aside only if they are clearly erroneous, that is, if the record contains no facts or inferences supporting them. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous when the trial court applies the wrong legal standard to properly found facts. Fraley v. Minger, 829 N.E.2d 476, 482 (Ind.2005).
Specifically, Nicole argues that the trial court violated her fundamental right as set forth in Troxel v. Granville to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of her child. 530 U.S. 57, 66, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000) (). Nicole maintains that she should have been afforded a parental presumption that her decisions concerning third party visitation with M.S. are in M.S.'s best interests and should be accorded special weight. Nicole acknowledges that Indiana case law has allowed third party visitation to be awarded to an unrelated adult who was once a child's stepparent, see Nunn v. Nunn, 791 N.E.2d 779 (Ind.Ct.App.2003); Francis v. Francis, 654 N.E.2d 4 (Ind.Ct.App.1995), trans. denied; In re the Custody of Banning, 541 N.E.2d 283 (Ind.Ct.App.1989); Tinsley v. Plummer, 519 N.E.2d 752 (Ind.Ct.App.1988), but relies on grandparent visitation cases to support her general argument that "a step-parent should be held to at least the standard imposed upon grandparents seeking visitation." Appellant's Br. p. 10. In furtherance of this general belief, Nicole maintains that in a case such as this where there is no familial relationship to protect, no absent or deceased parent in whose shoes the step-parent might stand, no threat of harm or finding that the child's natural parent is unfit, an even sterner rule is appropriate to protect the constitutional interests of the parent. In such a situation, where there is no competing interest commensurate to the liberty interest of the natural parent, third-party visitation should be held to be a per se violation of the parent's constitutional right to rear her child and make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of her child.
Id. at 10. Understanding Nicole's position requires saying a few words about Troxel and its progeny.
In Troxel, the United States Supreme Court reiterated the age-old principle that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects "the fundamental right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children." Troxel, 530 U.S. at 66, 120 S.Ct. 2054. The Court noted the extensive case precedent establishing this right and stated that it "is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court." Id. at 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054. The Supreme Court ultimately held that the Washington grandparent visitation statute, as applied to Granville, unconstitutionally infringed on this fundamental parental right. The Court further noted that there is a "presumption that fit parents act in the best interests of their children" and that "[t]he problem here is not that the Washington Superior Court intervened, but that when it did so, it gave no special weight at all to Granville's determination of her daughter's best interests." Id. at 68-69, 120 S.Ct. 2054. Therefore, the Court determined that
[t]he decisional framework employed by the Superior Court directly contravened the traditional presumption that a fit parent will act in the best interest of his or her child. In that respect, the court's presumption failed to provide any protection for Granville's fundamental constitutional right to make decisions concerning the rearing of her own daughters. In an ideal world, parents might always seek to cultivate the bonds between grandparents and their grandchildren. Needless to say, however, our world is far from perfect, and in it the decision whether such an intergenerational relationship would be beneficial in any specific case is for the parent to make in the first instance. And, if a fit parent's decision of the kind at issue here becomes subject to judicial review, the court must accord at least some special weight to the parent's own determination.
Id. at 69-70, 120 S.Ct. 2054 (citations omitted).
Subsequent to Troxel, this court ruled on the constitutionality of Indiana's Grandparent Visitation Statute.1 In Crafton v. Gibson, this Court, applying Troxel, held that Indiana's Grandparent Visitation Statute was not unconstitutional on its face. 752 N.E.2d 78, 98 (Ind.Ct.App.2001). Crafton additionally discussed certain factors courts must take into consideration when determining a child's best interests under the Grandparent Visitation Statute. Id. at 96-97. First, courts must "presume that a fit parent's decision is in the best interest of the child." Id. at 96. Acting under this presumption, courts must accord special weight to a parent's decision to deny or limit visitation. Id. at 96-97. Finally, a court should give some weight to the fact that a parent has previously agreed to some visitation. Id. at 97.
Thereafter, as a result of Troxel and Crafton, this Court, in McCune v. Frey, 783 N.E.2d 752 (Ind.Ct.App.2003), established certain substantive requirements for trial courts to consider when issuing findings and conclusions in grandparent visitation cases. These requirements include
1) the presumption that a fit parent acts in his or her child's best interests; 2) the special weight that must be given to a fit parent's decision to deny or limit visitation; 3) whether the grandparent has established that visitation is in the child's best interests; and 4) whether the parent has denied visitation or has simply limited visitation.
Id. at 757; see also Ramsey v. Ramsey, 863 N.E.2d 1232, 1238 (Ind.Ct.App.2007); Megyese v. Woods, 808 N.E.2d 1208, 1216 (...
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