Schleicher v. Schleicher

• Decision Date: 27 June 1996
• Docket Number: No. 950376,950376
• Citation: 551 N.W.2d 766
• Parties: Patrick George SCHLEICHER, Jr., Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Kimberly Ruth SCHLEICHER, n/k/a Kimberly Dworshak, Defendant and Appellant. Civil
• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court

Page 766

551 N.W.2d 766

Patrick George SCHLEICHER, Jr., Plaintiff and Appellee, v.Kimberly Ruth SCHLEICHER, n/k/a Kimberly Dworshak, Defendant and Appellant.

Civil No. 950376.

Supreme Court of North Dakota.

June 27, 1996.

Thomas D. Kelsch(argued), of Kelsch, Kelsch, Ruff, Austin & Kranda, Mandan, for plaintiff and appellee.Appearance by appelleePatrick G. Schleicher.

William D. Schmidt(argued), of Schmitz, Moench & Schmidt, Bismarck, for defendant and appellant.

NEUMANN, Justice.

Kimberly Schleicher appeals from an amended judgment modifying the child support and visitation provisions of the parties' prior divorce judgment.We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

Kimberly and Patrick Schleicher divorced in 1984.The original divorce judgment, which was based upon a stipulation, awarded custody of the parties' daughter Joey to Kimberly and ordered Patrick to pay $100 per month child support.The parties on three separate occasions voluntarily agreed to increase the child support, first to $200, then to $250, and finally to $300 per month.Patrick also at some point began placing $50 per month into a savings plan for Joey, which he indicated she would receive when she turned 18 years of age.

In February 1994, the Regional Child Support Enforcement Unit [Child Support Unit] began a periodic review of Patrick's child support obligation under Section 14-09-08.4, N.D.C.C.¹ Patrick did not respond to a pre-review notice or repeated requests for financial information.When Patrick still had not provided financial information by February 1995, the Child Support Unit filed a motion to compel Patrick to provide the required financial information.

Upon finally receiving financial information from Patrick, the Child Support Unit on April 25, 1995, filed a motion on Kimberly's behalf to increase Patrick's child support obligation to comply with the North Dakota Child Support Guidelines.Patrick filed a return to the motion and a "Cross Motion for Amending Visitation."Patrick's cross-motion requested that Kimberly be required to pay a portion of transportation costs for visitation and share in driving between Mandan, where Patrick lives, and Minot, where Kimberly and Joey live.

After a hearing on September 5, 1995, the trial court determined Patrick should pay child support of $344 per month and ordered him to additionally contribute $50 per month to an irrevocable annuity for Joey.²The court ordered these provisions were to take effect in October 1995.The court also ordered a structured visitation schedule, with Patrick having visitation the second and fourth weekends of each month, and five weeks of summer visitation, until Joey reaches age 16.Kimberly was ordered to deliver and pick up Joey in Washburn for the fourth-weekend visitation.An amended judgment was entered, and Kimberly appealed.

I.ANNUITY

Kimberly asserts the trial court erred in reducing the amount of child support as calculated under the child support guidelines by the $50 Patrick was ordered to contribute to an annuity.We agree.

The trial court determined Patrick had a net income of $1,900 per month, resulting in a presumptive child support obligation of $394 per month under the guidelines.SeeSection 75-02-04.1-10, N.D.A.C.The court, however, ordered support in the amount of $344 per month, and further ordered that Patrick contribute an additional $50 per month to an irrevocable annuity for Joey.

Kimberly argues the guidelines create a rebuttable presumption of the correct amount of child support based upon an obligor's income, and there are no provisions to lower that amount based upon a corresponding payment into an annuity.The custodial parent has a representational right to collect support on behalf of the child.Sullivan v. Quist, 506 N.W.2d 394, 397(N.D.1993).Child support under the guidelines is modeled upon the assumption that the presumptive amount will be paid to the custodial parent, as obligee, to use for the child's current expenses.SeeDalin v. Dalin, 545 N.W.2d 785, 789(N.D.1996);Gabriel v. Gabriel, 519 N.W.2d 293, 295(N.D.1994);Section75-02-04.1-02(1), N.D.A.C.We have noted, in another context, that "[c]hildren cannot wait for support."Shaver v. Kopp, 545 N.W.2d 170, 175(N.D.1996)(quotingSummary of Comments Received in Regard to Proposed New N.D. Admin. CodeCh. 75-02-04.1, Child Support Guidelines, December 14, 1990, Prepared by Blaine Nordwall, at p. 4).The guidelines contain no provisions authorizing a reduction in the presumptive amount of current support for payments made to an annuity, nor do they expressly allow a portion of the support to be paid into an annuity for the child's future benefit.

The trial court may deviate from the presumptively correct amount of support under the guidelines only if it finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the presumptive amount is not the correct amount of support required, taking into consideration the best interests of the child.Section 14-09-09.7(3), N.D.C.C.;Section75-02-04.1-09(2), N.D.A.C.;Dalin, 545 N.W.2d at 787;Reinecke v. Griffeth, 533 N.W.2d 695, 700(N.D.1995).Patrick, as the party urging a deviation from the presumptively correct guideline amount, bears the burden of proof.Dalin, 545 N.W.2d at 788.

We can envision compelling circumstances where it may be in the child's best interests to set aside a portion of child support payments for future expenses.³However, neither the trial court nor Patrick have articulated any compelling circumstances which demonstrate that Joey's best interests require payment of a portion of the presumptively correct amount of support into an annuity for her future benefit.Patrick is to be commended for voluntarily contributing an amount over and above his regular support obligation for Joey's future educational expenses.On this record, however, it was error to reduce the presumptively correct amount of support under the guidelines based upon a corresponding amount to be paid into an annuity.Absent compelling circumstances, which are not present in this record, the trial court should have awarded current child support in the amount set forth in the guidelines.

II.CALCULATION OF NET INCOME

Kimberly asserts the trial court incorrectly calculated Patrick's net income for purposes of child support under Section75-02-04.1-01(7), N.D.A.C.The dispute centers upon the amount of federal and state income taxes Patrick should be allowed to deduct from his gross income in calculating net income.The only evidence about Patrick's tax obligation was his W-2 form, which he claimed underrepresented his actual tax liability, and Patrick's testimony that he actually paid an additional $1,200 to $1,500 in taxes because he did not have enough tax withheld.

The trial court determined Patrick's net monthly income was $1,900, but did not explain how it arrived at that figure.Section75-02-04.1-02(10), N.D.A.C., requires that a child support order include a statement of the obligor's net income and "how that net income was determined."On appeal, Patrick has attempted to show that $1,900 is the proper figure after subtracting the taxes shown on the W-2 and the additional $1,500 in taxes Patrick claims to have paid.

A proper finding of net income is essential to a determination of the correct amount of child support under the guidelines.Shaver, 545 N.W.2d at 174.In this case, the trial court's determination ignored the provisions of the child support guidelines for calculating net income.Section 75-02-04.1-01, N.D.A.C., provides, in pertinent part:

"7.'Net income' means total gross monthly income less:

"a.Federal income tax obligation based on application of standard deductions and tax tables;

"b.State income tax obligation based on application of standard deductions and tax tables; ..."

These provisions clearly require that an obligor's net income for child support purposes is to be calculated using "standard deductions and tax tables."Dalin, 545 N.W.2d at 789;Shaver, 545 N.W.2d at 176;Shipley v. Shipley, 509 N.W.2d 49, 53(N.D.1993).The amount shown on an obligor's W-2 form and the actual taxes he paid are essentially irrelevant, unless it is shown those amounts are based upon standard deductions.Because an obligor can vary the amount on his W-2 form by adjusting the amount of withholding, the amount shown is not automatically deductible.Shipley, 509 N.W.2d at 53.Similarly, the amount of taxes actually paid will not always be reflective of the tax obligation based upon standard deductions, as required by the guidelines.The trial court should take judicial notice of the standard deductions and tax tables if the parties fail to present evidence or otherwise bring them to the court's attention.Shaver, 545 N.W.2d at 176.

The Department of Human Services, in promulgating the guidelines, has determined that actual taxes paid is not the proper measure for calculating net income; rather, it is what the taxes would have been if the standard deductions and tax tables were employed.We direct the trial court upon remand to recalculate Patrick's net income based upon "standard deductions and tax tables," as required by Section 75-02-04.1-01(7)(a) & (b), N.D.A.C., and to recalculate his monthly child support obligation accordingly.

III.EFFECTIVE DATE OF MODIFICATION

Kimberly asserts the trial court erred in making the increase in child support effective with the October 1995 installment, rather than with the first installment due after the motion was filed in April 1995.We agree.

The effective date for a modification of child support depends upon the facts of each case.Smith v. Smith, 538 N.W.2d 222, 228(N.D.1995);Gabriel, 519 N.W.2d at 295;Shipley, 509 N.W.2d at 53.The trial court may make its order modifying child support effective on the date the motion was filed, any date the motion was pending, the date the court issued its order, or some later date....