Schlein v. Milford Hospital

• Decision Date: 07 December 1976
• Docket Number: Civ. No. N-74-169.
• Citation: 423 F. Supp. 541
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Connecticut
• Parties: Allen SCHLEIN, M.D. v. The MILFORD HOSPITAL.

423 F. Supp. 541

Allen SCHLEIN, M.D. v. The MILFORD HOSPITAL.

Civ. No. N-74-169.

United States District Court, D. Connecticut.

December 7, 1976.

John J. Coughlin, Milford, Conn., Arnold J. Bai, Bridgeport, Conn., for plaintiff.

Stephen E. Ronai, Milford, Conn., Jeremy G. Zimmermann, New Haven, Conn., for defendant.

RULING ON DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

NEWMAN, District Judge.

Defendant has filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The case is in an appropriate posture for resolution at this stage. Although plaintiff opposes defendant's motion, he contends that he is also entitled to summary judgment. Moreover, sufficient undisputed facts exist to allow determination of the legal issues presented.

Plaintiff Allen Schlein is a physician and orthopedic surgeon licensed to practice medicine in Connecticut. He maintains offices in Bridgeport and Milford, and has staff privileges at two Bridgeport hospitals. Plaintiff's practice in the Milford area led him to apply for staff privileges at defendant Milford Hospital. After a long series of proceedings, the hospital rejected plaintiff's application. Thereafter he brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming that the hospital had reached its decision without due process of law and in an arbitrary and capricious manner.

Defendant's motion for summary judgment raises three issues: (1) whether the hospital's activities are state action to which Fourteenth Amendment limitations apply, (2) whether the hospital's denial of staff privileges to plaintiff violated procedural due process standards, and (3) whether the hospital's decision was arbitrary and capricious as a matter of substantive due process.

In an earlier ruling denying defendant's motion to dismiss, 383 F.Supp. 1263 (D.Conn.1974), the Court discussed the question of whether the Milford Hospital's denial of staff privileges to plaintiff was state action within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. In that ruling, the Court found that the hospital, which is neither owned nor operated by a government subdivision, nevertheless played a pivotal role in the implementation of the state's regulatory authority over both hospitals and physicians. While acknowledging that the precise contours of state action in the context of a "private" hospital's activities are far from clear, the Court concluded that Connecticut's licensing of both hospitals and physicians created a situation in which state-authorized power was being used to determine the scope of state-created rights. Under those circumstances, I was satisfied that sufficient state action existed to apply Fourteenth Amendment limitations to the hospital.

Defendant has asked the Court to reconsider its earlier ruling on the state action question, particularly in light of the Second Circuit's affirmance of Judge Bauman's decision in Barrett v. United Hospital, 376 F.Supp. 791 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd without opinion, 506 F.2d 1395 (2d Cir. 1974), and the Supreme Court's decision in Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 95 S.Ct. 449, 42 L.Ed.2d 477 (1974). While both of those decisions support the view that a very high degree of state involvement is required before state action is deemed to be present, I am not persuaded that they make resolution of the state action issues in this case automatic. It is "only by sifting facts and weighing circumstances that the nonobvious involvement of the State in private conduct can be attributed its true significance." Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 U.S. 715, 81 S.Ct. 856, 6 L.Ed.2d 45 (1961). One factor that was not considered in Barrett, or in any other case cited in the parties' briefs, is the significance of a hospital's role in a state system of licensing physicians and hospitals. I held earlier that the Milford Hospital, by virtue of its state license, had been given the authority to determine important aspects of the plaintiff's state license to practice medicine. Thus, state-authorized power was being used to limit a state-created right, and state action was thereby involved in the hospital's denial of staff privileges to plaintiff. Though the issue is not free from doubt, I adhere to that ruling.

Having determined that the Fourteenth Amendment is applicable to the Milford Hospital, at least to some extent, there remains the question of what process is due an applicant for staff privileges. For the purposes of deciding this case, however, it is unnecessary to chart precisely the minimum requirements of due process for physicians applying for staff privileges. It is sufficient to determine whether the process plaintiff received was adequate to safeguard his protected interests.¹

Before the Milford Hospital finally rejected plaintiff's application for staff privileges, Dr. Schlein received a good deal of process. His application was considered and reconsidered by the hospital's Credentials Committee, Executive Committee, and medical staff. At one point Dr. Schlein requested and received an opportunity, which was not part of the hospital's formal procedures, to appear before the Credentials Committee to refute adverse reports it had received. After the medical staff voted to deny him privileges, Dr. Schlein pursued the right granted him by the hospital's by-laws to a hearing before an ad hoc committee of the medical staff. Prior to the hearing, he received a written statement of the reasons for the staff's decision. And though he was not permitted counsel at the hearing, he was represented by a doctor of his choice. He appealed that committee's decision, again as provided by the by-laws, to the hospital's Executive Committee. The proceedings there were more de...