Scofield v. Kiffmeyer, C9-00-1622.

Citation620 N.W.2d 24
Decision Date21 December 2000
Docket NumberNo. C9-00-1622.,C9-00-1622.
PartiesCedric SCOFIELD, upper Midwestern Region representative sitting on the National Executive Committee of the Reform Party of the United States of America, et al., Petitioners, v. Mary KIFFMEYER, Secretary of State for the State of Minnesota, et al., Respondents.
CourtSupreme Court of Minnesota (US)

Mark A. Olson, Burnsville, for petitioners.

Mike Hatch, Attorney General, Kenneth E. Raschke, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, for respondents.

Heard, considered, and decided by the court en banc.

OPINION

BLATZ, Chief Justice.

Petitioners, representatives of the Reform Party of the United States of America, the Reform Party of Minnesota, and the Buchanan Reform Presidential Committee, asked this court to order the Minnesota Secretary of State to change the designated party or principle of a president/vice president ticket set to appear on Minnesota ballots in the November 7, 2000, general election. On September 27, 2000, we issued an order denying the petition and indicating that an opinion would follow. We hold that the potential for confusion among voters does not outweigh the strong presumption in favor of giving effect to the intent of the nominators as stated on the nominating petition.

On August 25, 2000, a petition was filed with the secretary of state containing the signatures of at least 2,000 nominators for John Hagelin for president and Nat Goldhaber for vice president. The petition nominated presidential electors "representing the Reform Party."

On September 12, 2000, a nominating petition was filed with the secretary of state containing the signatures of at least 2,000 nominators for Pat Buchanan for president and Ezola Foster for vice president. That petition nominated presidential electors "representing Reform Party Minnesota." Petitioners note that Buchanan/Foster and Hagelin/Goldhaber each fought for and laid claim to the nomination of the national Reform Party of the United States of America. Petitioners now argue that that dispute was decided in favor of the Buchanan/Foster ticket by the issuance of a preliminary injunction by the Superior Court of California for Los Angeles County, South District, enjoining the use of the name of the Reform Party of the United States of America in promotion of Hagelin/Goldhaber as candidates.1

The secretary of state accepted both petitions as filed and determined that each met the statutory requirements for nominating petitions. See Minn.Stat. § 204B.07 (2000). The time for filing petitions closed on September 12, 2000. Based on the secretary's certification of the ballot, Hagelin and Goldhaber were set to appear on the general election ballot with the designation Reform Party and Buchanan and Foster with the designation Reform Party Minnesota.

The petition before the court is brought pursuant to the "errors and omissions" provision of Minnesota election law. See Minn.Stat. § 204B.44 (2000). Under that statute, the court is authorized to act to prevent an error or omission in the placement or printing of the name or description of any candidate on any official ballot. See id. When the petition was received, this court issued an order for the secretary of state to appear and show cause for refusing to correct the alleged error and to take all steps necessary to prevent the ballots from being printed until the matter was resolved.

The secretary of state argues that there is no error within the meaning of the statute. The petitioners assert that the Hagelin/Goldhaber ticket has agreed to change its party/principle designation to either "independents" or "Natural Law Party." Representatives of the Hagelin/Goldhaber ticket appeared at oral argument and did not oppose the petition pursuant to an agreement with petitioners.

In preparing ballots, election officials are instructed: "The political party or political principle of the candidate as stated on the petition shall be placed after the name of a candidate nominated by petition." Minn.Stat. § 204D.13 (2000) (emphasis added); see also Minn.Stat. § 204B.07 (nominating petition for office is required to state the candidate's political party or political principle). Petitioners do not allege, and there is no question that the secretary of state followed this provision in certifying the candidates consistent with the nominating petitions. Instead petitioners claim that the potential for confusion among voters warrants a change in the party/principle designation by the secretary of state consistent with petitioners' agreement with the Hagelin/Goldhaber ticket.

Minnesota's election laws have historically precluded a candidate from claiming affiliation with a party or principle where that party or principle shares the name or part of a name of an established political party. The current version of that statute provides:

A major political party which has adopted a party name is entitled to the exclusive use of that name for the designation of its candidates on all ballots, and no candidate of any other political party is entitled to have printed on a ballot as a party designation any part of that name.

Minn.Stat. § 202A.11 (2000); see also Minn.Stat. § 204B.07, subd. 1(c) (2000) ("No part of the name of a major political party may be used to designate the political party or principle of a candidate who files for a partisan office by nominating petition * * *."). The so-called party name protection act extends only to major political parties in Minnesota. See Minn. Stat. § 202A.11. A major political party is a party that maintains a party organization and either presented a candidate in the last preceding general election who received at least five percent of the vote or whose members, totaling at least five percent of the vote, presented a petition to the secretary of state for placement on the ballot. See Minn.Stat. § 200.02, subd. 7 (2000). Neither the Reform Party nor Reform Party Minnesota is a major political party; therefore, neither is entitled to the protections of the party name protection act.

Although the party name protection act applies only to major political parties, petitioners urge us to consider the potential voter confusion created by the use of similar party names. This court has stated:

[V]iewing [the party name protection act] as expressive of a legislative intention to prevent confusion which might be engendered by the use of similar political designations, we will examine situations outside the purview of the statute to ascertain whether or not confusion, or the likelihood of confusion, would exist as a result of the designation desired by nonparty candidates.

Shaw v. Johnson, 311 Minn. 237, 239-40, 247 N.W.2d 921, 922 (1976). In Shaw a candidate filed a nominating petition requesting to be designated "independent" on the ballot. See id. The election officer, after consultation with the secretary of state, denied the request for designation on the basis that the term independent had been adopted by a major political party, the Independent-Republicans of Minnesota, and the party name protection act prevented its use by any other candidate. See Shaw, 311 Minn. at 238,

247 N.W.2d at 922. The district court reversed the election judge's decision, finding that there was no danger of confusion, and this court affirmed, refusing to order a change in the party or principle reflected in the nominating petition. See id. at 239-40, 247 N.W.2d at 922. Nonetheless, this court reserved our authority to do so to prevent confusion with respect to a candidate not affiliated with any party. See id. at 240, 247 N.W.2d at 923.

Petitioners appear to assume that voters will be confused to a degree significant enough to warrant action by the court. However, this is not the first time similar party names have appeared on the ballot. In the 1900 presidential election, candidates from the Socialist Democrat and Socialist Labor parties appeared on the ballot. See Secretary of State, Minnesota Legislative Manual 1999-2000 325 (1999). Indeed, there is some indication that the legislature intended to limit the circumstances in which this court could change a party designation appearing on a ballot based on similarity in party names. In Davidson v. Hanson, 87 Minn. 211, 92 N.W. 93 (1902), this court extended the protections of the party name protection act to the Socialist Labor party, which had obtained less than one percent of the vote in the most recent general election. This court prohibited a candidate from a distinct political organization from using the party label "Socialist" as had appeared on the candidate's nominating petition, because that word belonged to the Socialist Labor party under the party name protection act. See id. at 220, 92 N.W. at 96. In the following session of the legislature, the act was amended to limit its protection to parties that received at least one percent of the votes cast in the state. See Act of April 14, 1903, ch. 232, 1903 Minn. Laws 337, 338. Now those protections are limited to parties that received at least five percent of the vote in the last election or where a commensurate number of party members petition the secretary of state for placement on the ballot. See Minn.Stat. § 200.02, subd. 7; Minn.Stat. § 202A.11. Therefore, the limited reach of the party name protection act is intentional.

In light of this legislative intent, petitioners must demonstrate a significant degree of confusion before we will act to modify the ballot. In this case the only difference between the party names is the geographic descriptor "Minnesota." However, as discussed above, mere similarity in party names does not warrant relief.

Petitioners do not allege whether and how the designation Reform Party Minnesota will confuse voters or work to the advantage of one candidate over another. We might speculate that a voter would not be able to distinguish the candidates based on the similarity in party name. However, those interested in...

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