Scott Paper Company v. Fort Howard Paper Company
| Decision Date | 04 September 1970 |
| Docket Number | 17570.,No. 17569,17569 |
| Citation | 432 F.2d 1198 |
| Parties | SCOTT PAPER COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, v. FORT HOWARD PAPER COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee and Cross-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit |
Arthur G. Connolly, Wilmington, Del., James P. Brody, Foley, Sammond & Lardner, Milwaukee, Wis., for plaintiff-appellant; William J. Foley, Philadelphia, Pa., Earl Christensen, James M. Mulligan, Jr., Connolly, Bove & Lodge, Wilmington, Del., of counsel.
Paul J. Schierl, Green Bay, Wis., George B. Newitt, George P. McAndrews, Molinare, Allegretti, Newitt & Witcoff, Chicago, Ill., Arthur L. Morsell, Milwaukee, Wis., for defendant-appellee; Morsell & Morsell, Milwaukee, Wis., of counsel.
Before MAJOR, Senior Circuit Judge, KILEY, Circuit Judge, and ESCHBACH, District Judge.1
Scott Paper Company (Scott) appeals from a judgment against it in this patent infringement action. Fort Howard Paper Company (Fort Howard) cross-appeals from the district court ruling denying it attorney fees. We affirm the judgment and ruling.
Scott is a Pennsylvania, and Fort Howard a Wisconsin, corporation. The patent in suit, No. 2,834,809, issued May 13, 1958.2 On August 26, 1960, Scott filed the present suit, charging that Fort Howard Brand 296 infringed the patent in suit. Defendant's answer denied infringement and affirmatively charged invalidity, patent misuse and unclean hands. The district court found infringement if the patent is valid, but sustained the affirmative defense of invalidity on the ground of obviousness in view of the prior art. The court decided also that Scott was not guilty of fraud upon the Patent Office or of unclean hands and denied Fort Howard's claim for attorney fees.
The patent in suit contains eighteen claims describing paper structure (Claims 3-18) and a method for forming paper into that structure (Claims 1-2). Although no particular end use was claimed in the patent, the paper was designed to be used as an industrial paper towel having the necessary attributes of bulk, durability, and high oil absorbency and oil storage capacity. As indicated in the specifications, the paper contemplated by the patent is an absorbent paper for use as towels and wipers and particularly suitable as a disposable industrial wiper capable of substituting for cloth industrial wipers. The attributes noted are obtained by pressing two or more sheets of paper between two identical mesh screens or between two rolls having screen-like patterns engraved on the surfaces.
This process has the effect of creating crests and depressions in the paper, with the crest on the one side forming the depression on the other side and vice versa. On the sloping areas between the crests and depressions, the paper is ruptured by the working of the screens or rolls.3 The indentations in the paper act as scrapers to scoop up grease and oil; the fibrous strands of shredded paper protruding from the ruptures serve as wicks to absorb and direct fluids to the interior of the paper where it is gathered in the unworked crests and depressions. The following diagram graphically illustrates the structure of the Schutte invention. 4
The working of only the slopes of the paper creates an effective bond between the layers of paper, thereby providing the bulk necessary for machine wiping. At the same time, by limiting the ruptures and apertures to 10% of the total area, the paper absorbed oil satisfactorily without sacrificing durability, which was the main hurdle in the development of a good industrial paper.5
The two method claims6 involved in the suit concern the process of manufacturing the product by passing paper between two matched rolls upon which are engraved identical screen-like patterns. The unique feature of this device claimed by plaintiff is the specification that the distance between the surfaces of the rolls must be less than the thickness of the processed paper only in the sloping areas (28 and 29 of Figure 2) so that paper is worked beyond its elastic limit only in those areas; and that the clearance between each crest (24) on one roll and matching depression (25) on the other roll must exceed the thickness of the base stock so that the paper is left unworked in the crests and depressions.
When the application for the patent in suit was filed, there was well known in the art the embossing of paper; the fact that perforation or working of a properly selected paper and consequent exposure of fiber ends increased absorbency,7 see, e. g., Milliken Patent No. 2,281,945 (paper napkin), Jaeger Patent No. 495,976 (blotting paper), Conradson Patent No. 1,384,515 (paper towel); and the process of pressing specially selected paper between wire screens in order to achieve a perforation-embossing, or ruptured-worked effect.
Crane Patent No. 118,204 describes a method of treating bank checks to prevent and detect alteration by placing the completed check between two pieces of wire cloth and passing the resultant "sandwich" between two rollers, causing minute embossing and perforating in the paper. Oldofredi Patent No. 2,370,186 describes a method of imprinting decorative designs on paper or other material by passing the paper or material between two wire screens.
The prior art, however, contained no use of the wire screen perforation-embossing method to form absorbent paper wipers, and neither the Crane nor Oldofredi patents were cited to, or considered by, the Patent Office in the prosecution of the application.
The district court found that the Crane and Oldofredi patents in the prior art disclosed both the method and the structure in the claim of the Scott patent, and that no presumption of validity of the patent exists in light of these undisclosed prior art patents.
The court recognized that there were "details" in the claims not specifically mentioned in either Crane or Oldofredi. However, the court thought that such details as "the location of the working and failure to work substantial areas are inherent" in the wire screen embossing art. The court stated that Scott's patent merely adapted Crane and Oldofredi to different paper stock and used coarser screen mesh. This adaptation, concluded the court, would be obvious to a person skilled in the art and did not rise to the status of a patentable invention.
We agree with the district court that both Crane and Oldofredi disclose the method and structure in the plaintiff's claims. Both teach a method of embossing paper and other material by placing it between two wire screens and applying pressure to the resultant "sandwich."8 Both also describe the paper as having perforations when removed from the rollers.9
Oldofredi states that weavelike elevations will appear in the pressed paper, and if sufficient pressure is applied the paper will be perforated in the areas adjacent to the elevations. The paper, of course, would remain unworked and unperforated in the elevations since these areas have passed through the interstices of the screen. Crane teaches that rollers engraved with a proper formation may be substituted for the wire gauze.
Scott argues that its patent differs from or improves on the Crane and Oldofredi devices in that the roller apparatus is designed so that the distance between the surfaces of the roller is less than the thickness of the paper only in the sloping areas between the intervening high and low spots. This process produces a bulky paper product with ruptures and apertures only in the sloping areas, leaving substantial areas unworked.
We think however that the trial court did not err in finding that these details, although not specifically mentioned in the Crane and Oldofredi claims, inhere in the use of wire screen in the embossing operations. The specifications with respect to the roller apparatus merely describe a roller with a screen-like formation engraved thereon. This was substantially taught by Crane. The ruptures and apertures in the sloping areas and the unworked depressions and elevations of the paper structure would inevitably result when selected paper is compressed between two screens of suitable mesh and diameter. We think that the trial court could reasonably find that this is a matter that would be obvious to a person skilled in the art. The broad specifications of permissible screen sizes contained in the Scott patent imply this.10 We think too that the correct alignment of the screens could also reasonably be found to be obvious to a person skilled in the art. The absence of any teaching in the Scott patent on using the wire screen in any way different from the prior art strengthens this conclusion.
Scott also contends that the Crane and Oldofredi prior art patents do not suggest its patent since they differ extensively from the Scott patent in objectives, problems to be solved and end product: Essentially, it argues that its patent has for its object use as an industrial wiper with the necessary attributes of bulk, strength, durability and oil absorption and storage capacity; and that Crane and Oldofredi were not designed for and would not have the necessary qualities of a workable industrial wiper.
The validity of a patent cannot be predicated upon the extra-claim qualities of the paper structure since functional statements cannot be used to define over the prior art. Mead Johnson & Co. v. Hillman's Inc., 135 F.2d 955, 957-958 (7th Cir. 1943). The functional distinctions over the prior art are to be set out in the specifications to prove the required utility of the invention, rather than to define it.11
The validity of a patent cannot be upheld, either, on the basis of an end use of the invention. Use as an industrial wiper is not mentioned in any of the claims of the patent in suit, and the plaintiff, in restricting the scope of the invention to the claims, specifically disclaimed any end use. Moreover, the district court found...
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