Scott v. Scott, S02A1909.
Citation | 578 S.E.2d 876,276 Ga. 372 |
Decision Date | 27 March 2003 |
Docket Number | No. S02A1909.,S02A1909. |
Parties | SCOTT v. SCOTT. |
Court | Supreme Court of Georgia |
OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE
Browning & Tanksley, LLP, Thomas J. Browning, Marietta, for appellant.
Dupree, Poole & King, Russell D. King, Patrick N. Millsaps, Marietta, for appellee.
We granted Regina Scott's application for discretionary appeal to address whether a self-executing change of custody provision in the Scotts' divorce decree was permissible under Weaver v. Jones, 260 Ga. 493, 396 S.E.2d 890 (1990) and Pearce v. Pearce, 244 Ga. 69, 257 S.E.2d 904 (1979). For the reasons that follow, we find that the automatic custody change provision was not a permissible extension of Weaver and Pearce and should be stricken from the parties' divorce decree.
The best interests of the child are controlling as to custody changes. OCGA § 19-9-3(a)(2); Parr v. Parr, 196 Ga. 805, 27 S.E.2d 687 (1943). Whether particular circumstances warrant a change in custody is a fact question determined under the unique situation in each individual case. Wilson v. Wilson, 241 Ga. 305, 245 S.E.2d 279 (1978). In contemplating a custodial change, the trial court must exercise its discretion to determine whether a change is in the best interests of the child. OCGA § 19-9-3. The circumstances warranting a change in custody are not confined to those of the custodial parent: any new and material change in circumstances that affects the child must also be considered. Handley v. Handley, 204 Ga. 57, 59, 48 S.E.2d 827 (1948). The law thus recognizes that because children are not immutable objects but living beings who mature and develop in unforeseeable directions, the initial award of custody may not always remain the selection that promotes the best interests of the child.
Self-executing change of custody provisions allow for an "automatic" change in custody based on a future event without any additional judicial scrutiny. Our appellate courts have upheld several such automatic custody change provisions. In Weaver, supra, the parties contemplated that an older child, upon reaching the age of 14, might utilize the statutory procedures allowing a child of that age to choose the parent with whom the child wishes to reside. See OCGA §§ 19-9-1(a)(3)(A), 19-9-3(a)(4). Accord Pearce, supra (1). The self-executing change of custody provisions in those two cases thus provided that upon the child deciding to reside with the non-custodial parent, the obligations of the parents would switch automatically without further court intervention. The self-executing change of custody provisions in Weaver and Pearce were thus consonant with statutory and case law, which recognizes that Harbin v. Harbin, 238 Ga. 109-110, 230 S.E.2d 889 (1976).
The self-executing custody change provisions in Weaver and Pearce pose no conflict with our law's emphasis on the best interests of the child. The same, however, cannot be said of other automatic change of custody provisions the appellate courts have earlier approved. It is well established that "Georgia law does not permit a modification of custody based solely on a custodial parent's relocation" to another home, city or state, Ofchus v. Isom, 239 Ga.App. 738, 739(1), 521 S.E.2d 871 (1999) or merely upon the custodial parent's remarriage. See Mercer v. Foster, 210 Ga. 546(3), 81 S.E.2d 458 (1954). Nevertheless, the appellate courts have ignored this case law to approve self-executing change in custody provisions triggered by remarriage or relocation that mandate, without regard to the child's best interests, the removal of the child from the custodial parent. In Holder v. Holder, 226 Ga. 254, 174 S.E.2d 408 (1970), this Court approved a provision that automatically stripped the mother of custody of her children upon her remarriage. Looking only to whether the provision operated as a restraint upon marriage, this Court concluded that the mother Id. at 256(1), 174 S.E.2d 408. As to the trial court's ruling that there had been no showing of a material change of circumstances substantially affecting the welfare and best interests of the children, we concluded in abbreviated fashion that change of circumstances was "not involved here." Id. at 256(3), 174 S.E.2d 408. See also Hunnicutt v. Sandison, 223 Ga. 301, 303-304(1), 154 S.E.2d 587 (1967) ( ).
Likewise, in Carr, supra, expressly relied upon by the trial court here, the divorce decree mandated a change in custody from the primary to the secondary custodial parent "in the event that either parent moves to another city (outside the metropolitan Atlanta area) or another state." Id., 207 Ga. App. at 611, 429 S.E.2d 95. The Court of Appeals upheld the provision looking solely to the fact that it "did not prohibit [Ms.] Carr from moving, it simply set forth self-executing consequences if she decided to do so," id. at 612, 429 S.E.2d 95, and finding the provision "more akin" to the provisions approved by this Court in Weaver and Pearce, supra. Id. at 613, 429 S.E.2d 95.2
(Punctuation omitted.) Clapper v. Harvey, 716 A.2d 1271, 1275 (Pa.Super.1998).
While self-executing change of custody provisions are not expressly prohibited by statutory law, we hold that any such provision that fails to give paramount import to the child's best interests in a change of custody as between parents violates this State's public policy as expressed in OCGA § 19-9-3.
The trial court here found that relocating the Scotts' child outside of Cobb County "constitutes a material change in circumstances detrimentally affecting the welfare of the minor child." However, self-executing change of custody provisions are not rendered valid merely because the initial award of custody may have been based upon the child's best interests. It is not the factual situation at the time of the divorce decree that determines whether a change of custody is warranted but rather the factual situation at the time the custody modification is sought.4 See Mallette v. Mallette, 220 Ga. 401, 403(1), 139 S.E.2d 322 (1964); Danziger v. Shoob, 203 Ga. 623, 625, 48 S.E.2d 92 (1948).
Remarriage and relocation directly affect a child but they do not automatically warrant a change in custody. Mercer, supra, 210 Ga. at 548(3), 81 S.E.2d 458; Ormandy v. Odom, 217 Ga.App. 780, 781, 459 S.E.2d 439 (1995). There are situations, such as the remarriage of a custodial parent to a loving stepparent or the relocation of residence to a superior school district or a safer neighborhood, where the change in circumstances clearly would promote the child's best interests and welfare. See Wallerstein and Tanke, To Move or Not to Move: Psychological and Legal Considerations in the Relocation of Children Following Divorce, 30...
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Bodne v. Bodne
...will not always control after any "new and material change in circumstances that affects the child" is considered. Scott v. Scott, 276 Ga. 372, 373, 578 S.E.2d 876 (2003). In Scott, we disapproved a self-executing custody change provision that allowed a child to be automatically wrested fro......
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Notices
...best interests of the child standard is paramount in considering changes or termination of parental custody. See, e.g., Scott v. Scott, 276 Ga. 372, 377 (2003) ("[t]he paramount concern in any change of custody must be the best interests and welfare of the minor child"). The Georgia Court o......
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Notices
...best interests of the child standard is paramount in considering changes or termination of parental custody. See, e.g., Scott v. Scott, 276 Ga. 372, 377 (2003) (“[t]he paramount concern in any change of custody must be the best interests and welfare of the minor child”). The Georgia Court o......
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Notice
...best interests of the child standard is paramount in considering changes or termination of parental custody. See, e.g., Scott v. Scott, 276 Ga. 372, 377 (2003) ("[t]he paramount concern in any change of custody must be the best interests and welfare of the minor child"). The Georgia Court o......
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Notice
...best interests of the child standard is paramount in considering changes or termination of parental custody. See, e.g., Scott v. Scott, 276 Ga. 372, 377 (2003) (“[t]he paramount concern in any change of custody must be the best interests and welfare of the minor child”). The Georgia Court o......