Sellers v. Time, Inc., 17917.

• Decision Date: 20 March 1970
• Docket Number: No. 17917.,17917.
• Citation: 423 F.2d 887
• Parties: William W. SELLERS, the Sellers Company, Inc. and Sellers Service, Inc., Appellants, v. TIME, INC.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

423 F.2d 887 (1970)

William W. SELLERS, the Sellers Company, Inc. and Sellers Service, Inc., Appellants, v. TIME, INC.

No. 17917.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Argued January 22, 1970.

Decided March 20, 1970.

Rehearing Denied April 24, 1970.

Henry T. Reath, Duane, Morris & Heckscher, Philadelphia, Pa., for appellants.

Philip H. Strubing, Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz, Philadelphia, Pa. (Wilbur H. Haines, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa., Harold R. Medina, Jr., Edward O. Byrne, Cravath, Swaine & Moore, New York City, on the brief), for appellee.

Before FORMAN, SEITZ and ADAMS, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

SEITZ, Circuit Judge.

This is a diversity action for libel based on Pennsylvania law. William Sellers appeals from an order of the district court granting summary judgment to defendant Time, Inc. and dismissing his complaint. Sellers brought this action alleging Time injured his reputation and those of his companies with an article appearing in TIME magazine.¹ At the time the article was published, Sellers was president and majority shareholder of Sellers Service, Inc. and The Sellers Company, Inc.

The allegedly offending article reported a decision in a negligence action in which Sellers was defending against a claim that he had negligently caused the loss of a companion's eye during a business-golf outing. It dealt with Sellers' unsuccessful motion for summary judgment which was grounded on the theory that the companion had assumed the risk of the accident.

Time personnel first learned of the decision from a report in 34 Law Week 2563. A Time stringer² in Philadelphia was detailed to investigate and forward a copy of the opinion to New York. Because of the unusual factual setting, Time considered the opinion newsworthy and assigned a writer and researcher to the article. They subsequently obtained further reports from the stringer in Philadelphia. The article was prepared in draft, circulated and rewritten several times, and checked for accuracy by the researcher. It was ultimately submitted to Time's top-level editors and to legal counsel all of whom approved it for publication. It appeared under the heading "Negligence" in The Law section and read as follows:

"Duffer\'s Dilemma

"William Sellers runs a heating-equipment company near Philadelphia, and he plays golf for business rather than pleasure. One June day in 1964, Sellers\' game was running true to form at the Manufacturers Golf and Country Club in Oreland, Pa. At the third tee, his mind on a potential deal, Sellers hit the ball so awkwardly that it flew to the rear and struck one of his partners, James Walsh, sales manager of the tank division of Bethlehem Steel in Dunellen, N. J. As a result, Walsh was blinded in his left eye.

"Since Sellers was working while golfing, Walsh sued both him and his company for $250,000, claiming that Sellers had negligently failed to wipe his hands before swinging, causing the club to slip. In answer, Sellers moved to have the suit dismissed on a seemingly unassailable ground: anyone who ventures on a golf course `assumes the risk of being struck by a ball\' and is thus barred from seeking damages.

"To everyone\'s surprise, Sellers\' motion was shot down by Judge Alfred Luongo of the Philadelphia U. S. District Court, which had jurisdiction because Sellers and Walsh live in different states. Judge Luongo readily agreed that every golfer `assumes the risk or is guilty of contributory negligence if he intentionally or carelessly walks ahead or stands within the orbit of the shot of a person playing behind him.\' But when the ball struck Walsh, said the judge, he was sitting in a golf cart 20 ft. to Sellers\' rear — a place of supposedly perfect safety. As a result, Walsh cannot be said to have `voluntarily assumed the risk\' of being partly blinded. Ruled the judge: Duffer-Defendant Sellers must stand trial."

In his complaint Sellers alleged that the article is replete with false, misleading, and flip statements which defame him and harm him and his corporations by diminishing their abilities to earn money. Time answered denying some portions of the complaint and pleading affirmative defenses. After discovery was completed, Time moved for summary judgment with supporting affidavits. The district judge granted the motion and dismissed the complaint.³ He invoked three grounds for his decision. First he held that the article, "while in a flippant style, was unlikely to have effect on any average reader's impression of the plaintiff's character." Second he held that the article was privileged under the law of Pennsylvania. Last he held the article was privileged under the first amendment as interpreted in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964). Because a ruling on the privilege issues would only be necessary if the district judge erred in holding the article not capable of defamatory meaning, we shall consider Sellers' challenge to this holding first.

Sellers contends the district judge committed two errors in holding as he did on defamation. First he argues that the judge invaded the province of the jury by deciding the article was not defamatory whereas his proper function under Pennsylvania law was to determine whether the article was capable of a defamatory meaning. Sellers' statement of the law is accurate. See, e. g., Birl v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 402 Pa. 297, 167 A.2d 472 (1960); Boyer v. Pitt Pub. Co., 324 Pa. 154, 188 A. 203 (1936); Restatement Torts § 614 (1938). It is clear from the district court's opinion, however, that the court ruled that the article was not capable of a defamatory meaning.

Sellers' second contention is that the article is capable of a defamatory meaning under Pennsylvania law and, thus, it was error to summarily dismiss his complaint. In support of his contention, Sellers offers several innuendos explaining the defamatory meaning he ascribes to the article. His primary contention, as stated in his brief, is that the article gives the overall impression that he "is the sort of person who would risk grave injury to others because of his preoccupation with his selfish desire for material gain." As evidence that this impression results from a reading of the article, he cites several sentences and explains how they contributed to this overall impression. In judging the validity of Sellers' argument, we are, of course, not concerned with the accuracy of the TIME article but only with the likely impact on the average TIME reader.

Under Pennsylvania law innuendos may be used to explain in what manner the article is defamatory. The innuendos, however, must be "warranted, justified and supported by the publication." Moreover, they "cannot be used to introduce new matter, or to enlarge the natural meaning of the words, and thereby give to the language a construction which it will not bear." Lastly, it is our duty, as it was the lower c...