Severt v. Lyall

• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court
• Citation: Severt v. Lyall, 222 N.C. 533, 23 S.E.2d 829 (N.C. 1943)
• Decision Date: 08 January 1943
• Docket Number: 740.
• Parties: SEVERT et al. v. LYALL et al.

23 S.E.2d 829

222 N.C. 533

SEVERT et al. v. LYALL et al.

No. 740.

Supreme Court of North Carolina

January 8, 1943

Civil action to quiet title to real property.

One J.G. Severt died March 5, 1907, seized and possessed of certain land in Ashe County which is the subject matter of this controversy. He left a last will and testament in which he devised said land "to my beloved wife, Letha Severt during her natural life, and at her death to go in fee simple to Clarence Odell Severt, son of W.A. Severt."

Clarence Odell Severt, the remainderman, survived the testator but died August 23, 1914, intestate, and without issue. He predeceased the life tenant. At the time of his death he left surviving as his heirs at law two sisters of the whole blood the defendants Nellie Severt Lyall and Nelia Severt Church. After his death there were born to his father and second wife four children, the plaintiffs herein. The eldest was born in December, 1919, many years after the death of the remainderman, but all were born prior to the death of the life tenant.

Letha Severt, the life tenant who had intermarried with W.T Perkins September 13, 1940, left a last will and testament in which she undertook to devise the locus in quo to Nelia Clementine Witherspoon, who is the same person as the defendant Nelia Severt Church. On February 23, 1941 defendant Nellie Severt Lyall conveyed her interest in said property, by deed, to defendant Nelia Severt Church.

Plaintiffs instituted this action November 14, 1941, alleging that they, as the brothers and sister of Clarence Odell Severt, the remainderman, surviving at the time of the death of the life tenant, are the owners and entitled to the possession of the locus in quo and that the will of Letha Severt Perkins and the claim of defendants that they are the heirs of the remainderman cast a cloud on their title. They pray that they be adjudged the owners of said property free and clear of said claims. The defendants Nelia Severt Church and husband W. Floyd Church, answering the complaint, pleaded ownership in fee in Nelia Severt Church and prayed judgment accordingly.

When the cause came on to be heard trial by jury was waived and it was agreed that the judge should hear the evidence, find the facts therefrom and render judgment thereon. After hearing the evidence and finding the facts, which appear of record, the court below entered judgment decreeing that the defendant Nelia Severt Church is the owner in fee simple and is entitled to the possession of the lands in controversy. Plaintiffs excepted and appealed.

Bowie & Bowie, of West Jefferson, for appellants.

R.F. Crouse, of Sparta, and Ira T. Johnston, of Jefferson, for appellees.

BARNHILL Justice.

When the owner of land, subject to an outstanding life estate, predeceases the life tenant, intestate and without issue, who inherits his interest in the land? Is the roll called and his heirs ascertained as of the date of his death or as of the date of the later death of the life tenant? These are the questions presented on this appeal.

The court below concluded that the roll is called as of the date of the death of the remainderman and that, therefore, title to the locus in quo, upon the death of Clarence Odell Severt, descended to and vested in the feme defendants. We concur.

Under the common law rule an estate in land not accompanied by actual possession was not inheritable. There was no full and complete ownership until the owner had made an actual corporal entry into the lands. The rule is stated by Blackstone as follows: "So, also, even in descents of lands by our law, which are cast on the heir by act of the law itself, the heir has not plenum dominium, or full and complete ownership, till he has made an actual corporal entry into the lands; for if he dies before entry made, his heir shall not be entitled to take the possession, but the heir of the person who was last actually seized. It is not, therefore, only a mere right to enter, but the actual entry, that makes a man complete owner, so as to transmit the inheritance to his own heirs; non jus, sed sesina, facit stirpitem."

This common law rule, with one modification, prevailed in this State for many years. It is thus stated in the Revised Statutes of 1837, Ch. 38: "Rule 1. Inheritances shall lineally descend to the issue of the person, who died last actually or legally seized, forever, but shall not lineally ascend, except as is hereafter provided for."

Thus, under the common law actual seizin was required. A bare right or title to enter or be otherwise seized would not do. 2 Black.Com., 209; Co.Lit., 15. Under our law as expressed in the 1837 Code, legal seizin or the present right to possession was sufficient. Lawrence v. Pitt, 46 N.C. 344; Exum v. Davie, 5 N.C. 475; Bell v. Dozier, 12 N.C. 333.

Under our rule as it then existed, as well as under the common law rule, neither plaintiffs nor...