Shaffer v. Stewart

• Decision Date: 02 March 1984
• Citation: 473 A.2d 1017,326 Pa.Super. 135
• Parties: Paul S. SHAFFER, Appellant, v. Robert STEWART and Liverant, Senft and Cohen.
• Court: Pennsylvania Superior Court

473 A.2d 1017

326 Pa.Super. 135

Paul S. SHAFFER, Appellant, v. Robert STEWART and Liverant, Senft and Cohen.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

March 2, 1984

Submitted Sept. 23, 1983.

Allen H. Smith, York, for appellant.

Albert G. Blakey, York, for appellee.

Before WIEAND, CIRILLO and JOHNSON, JJ.

WIEAND Judge:

May an attorney who, without probable cause, files a caveat to the probate of a will for the sole purpose of "extracting an unwarranted settlement" be sued for malicious use of process after he and his client have agreed to a dismissal of the caveat? The trial court held that such actions could not be maintained because there had been no seizure of property. Therefore, it sustained preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer to the complaint and entered judgment in favor of the attorney. This appeal followed. We reverse.

Richard F Buser died August 17, 1981, leaving a will and several codicils which purported to name Paul S. Shaffer as executor and principal beneficiary. When Shaffer presented the will and codicils for probate he found that Robert Stewart Esquire, had filed a caveat with the Register of Wills on behalf of several named persons. ^[1] These persons were neither heirs of the decedent nor testamentary beneficiaries "under any colorably valid [w]ill" and, therefore, lacked standing. On or about September 29, 1981, Walter D. Fisher, who did have standing to challenge probate of the decedent's will, joined the caveat previously filed by Stewart. Thereafter, Stewart and his clients agreed that the clients' interest in the will contest should be dismissed; and the proceedings continued on behalf of Fisher alone. Stewart's filing of the initial caveat, according to the averments of the amended complaint filed by Shaffer, was done "without reasonable or probable cause" and "maliciously and in utter disregard of the Plaintiff's rights, and with a design and purpose of causing undue delay in the administration of the Estate of Richard F. Buser and with a view toward extracting an unwarranted settlement from the Plaintiff."

Malicious use of process is a tort which arises when a party institutes a lawsuit with a malicious motive and lacking probable cause. Dietrich Industries, Inc. v. Abrams, 309 Pa.Super. 202, ---, 455 A.2d 119, 122 (1982). See also: Dumont Television and Radio Corp. v. Franklin Electric Co., 397 Pa. 274, 279-280, 154 A.2d 585, 587-588 (1959); Morphy v. Shipley, 351 Pa. 425, 429, 41 A.2d 671, 673-674 (1945); Triester v. 191 Tenants Association, 272 Pa.Super. 271, 279, 415 A.2d 698, 703 (1979). It must be distinguished from the separate and distinct tort of abuse of process which occurs when the legal process is utilized for some unlawful purpose, not one for which it was intended. In other words, it is a perversion of legal process. Dumont Television and Radio Corp. v. Franklin Electric Co., supra; Dietrich Industries, Inc. v. Abrams, supra; Triester v. 191 Tenants Association, supra. A cause of action for abuse of process requires "[s]ome definite act or threat not authorized by the process, or aimed at an objective not legitimate in the use of the process ... [;] there is no liability where the defendant has done nothing more than carry out the process to its authorized conclusion, even though with bad intentions." Di Sante v. Russ Financial Co., 251 Pa.Super. 184, 189, 380 A.2d 439, 441 (1977), quoting Prosser, Torts § 100 at 669 (2d ed. 1955). See also: Junod v. Bader, 312Pa.Super. 92, ---, 458 A.2d 251, 253 (1983).

In the instant case, the averments of the amended complaint are that the caveat was filed maliciously and without probable cause in the hope of effecting a settlement on behalf of persons having no legally recognizable claim. Although appellant argues that he has causes of action for malicious use and abuse of process, it is readily apparent that if he has a cause of action, that cause can only be for malicious use of civil process. His complaint does not allege a cause of action for abuse of process. ^[2] See and compare: Dumont Television and Radio Corp. v. Franklin Electric Co., supra (malicious use of process if defendant filed involuntary bankruptcy petition against bankrupt to prevent plaintiff from collecting on recently acquired judgment when defendant was not a creditor of the bankrupt); Triester v. 191 Tenants Association, supra (malicious use of process where equity action instituted without probable cause for purpose of delaying conversion to condominiums).

The tort of malicious use of process has been codified at 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8351-8354. This statute, which became effective February 17, 1981 and is applicable to causes of action accruing thereafter, ^[3] provides as follows:

" § 8351 Wrongful use of civil proceedings

(a) Elements of action.--A person who takes part in the procurement, initiation or continuation of civil proceedings against another is subject to liability to the other for wrongful use of civil proceedings:

(1) He acts in a grossly negligent manner or without probable cause and primarily for a purpose other than that of securing the proper discovery, joinder of parties or adjudication of the claim in which the proceedings are based; and

(2) The proceedings have terminated in favor of the person against whom they are brought.

(b) Arrest or seizure of person or property not required.--The arrest or seizure of the person or property of the plaintiff shall not be a necessary element for an action brought pursuant to this Subchapter."

It is apparent from a reading of this statute that the legislature has abolished the English rule which was followed in Pennsylvania for many years and which held that an action for malicious use of process could not be maintained in the absence of a seizure of the plaintiff's person or property. In order to recover under the statutory cause of action, three essential elements must be proved: "(1) that the underlying proceedings terminated favorably to the [plaintiff]; (2) that the defendant caused those proceedings to be instituted without probable cause; and (3) malice." Junod v. Bader, supra at ---, 458 A.2d at 253.

The law in Pennsylvania has thus been brought into conformity with the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 674. With respect to the liability of an attorney for the wrongful use of civil process, the Restatement suggests in comment d:

"An attorney who initiates a civil proceeding on behalf of his client or one who takes any steps in the proceeding is not liable if he has probable cause for his action (see § 675); and even if he has no probable cause and is convinced that his client's claim is unfounded, he is still not liable if he acts primarily for the purpose of aiding his client in obtaining a proper adjudication of his claim. (See § 676). An attorney is not required or expected to prejudge his client's claim, and although he is fully aware that its chances of success are comparatively slight, it is his responsibility to present it to the court for adjudication if his client so insists after he has explained to the client the nature of the chances.

If, however, the attorney acts without probable cause for belief in the possibility that the claim will succeed, and for an improper purpose, as, for example, to put pressure upon the person proceeded against in order to compel payment of another claim of his own or solely to harass the person proceeded against by bringing a claim known to be invalid, he is subject to the same liability as any other person."

In the instant case, the reason given by the trial court for sustaining preliminary objections, i.e., that the complaint failed to contain an averment that appellant's...