Shane v. Hobam, Incorporated, Civ. A. No. 69-626.

• Citation: 332 F. Supp. 526
• Decision Date: 15 June 1971
• Docket Number: Civ. A. No. 69-626.
• Parties: Douglas SHANE v. HOBAM, INCORPORATED.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Pennsylvania

332 F. Supp. 526

Douglas SHANE v. HOBAM, INCORPORATED.

Civ. A. No. 69-626.

United States District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania.

June 15, 1971.

Paul Minkoff, Klousky, Kuby & Harris, Philadelphia, Pa., for plaintiff.

Thomas E. Byrne, Jr. and Thomas E. Byrne III, Krusen, Evans & Byrne, Philadelphia Pa., for defendant.

OPINION AND ORDER

HIGGINBOTHAM, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

On June 17, 1968 the plaintiff, Douglas Shane, allegedly sustained serious injuries while operating a meat grinding machine in his place of employment, Shane Enterprises, Inc., in Chester, Pa. The meat grinding machine operated by the plaintiff at the time of the accident was manufactured and sold in 1948 by the John E. Smith's Sons Co. of Buffalo, New York. In June, 1962, the defendant, Hobam, Inc., purchased the assets of the Smith Company. The plaintiff alleges that from the time of the purchase of the assets of Smith until the time of the accident, the defendant operated the John E. Smith's Sons Company under its original name as a division of Hobam, Inc. In the present action, the plaintiff seeks to hold Hobam liable for any damages arising from defects in the design, manufacture and delivery of the meat grinding machine manufactured by the Smith Company in 1948.

Two questions are raised by the defendant's motion for summary judgment: First, whether Hobam, Inc. can be held liable, either under a theory of strict liability or a theory of breach of a duty of reasonable care, for physical injuries and consequent damages resulting from alleged defects in the manufacture, design and delivery of the meat grinding machine by Smith in 1948; and second, whether the first issue may appropriately be resolved on a motion for summary judgment. After considering the issues raised by the present motion, I have concluded that defendant's motion for summary judgment should be granted in part and denied in part.

II. THEORIES OF LIABILITY

A. INTRODUCTION

The general rule is that "a mere sale of corporate property by one company to another does not make the purchaser liable for the liabilities of the seller not assumed by it." Copease Mfg. Co. v. Cormac Photocopy Corp., 242 F. Supp. 993 (S.D.N.Y.1965).¹ There are, however, certain exceptions to this rule. Liability for obligations of a selling corporation may be imposed on the purchasing corporation when (1) the purchaser expressly or impliedly agrees to assume such obligations; (2) the transaction amounts to a consolidation or merger of the selling corporation with or into the purchasing corporation; (3) the purchasing corporation is merely a continuation of the selling corporation; or (4) the transaction is entered into fraudulently to escape liability for such obligations. Kloberdanz v. Joy Manufacturing Co., 288 F.Supp. 817, 820 (D. Col.1968).

B. INTENTION OF HOBAM AS EVIDENCED BY THE AGREEMENT FOR THE SALE OF ASSETS

As the first ground for opposing the entry of summary judgment, the plaintiff contends that certain questions of material fact regarding Hobam's intention to assume responsibility for product liability claims in respect to equipment manufactured by Smith prior to 1962 arise from alleged ambiguities and conflicts in the "AGREEMENT FOR PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS" (hereinafter "the Agreement"). Concerning this first contention, I conclude that the Agreement itself creates no issue of material fact concerning the explicit intention of Hobam to assume responsibility for product liability claims in regard to equipment manufactured by Smith prior to the effective date of the agreement. Paragraph 14 of the Agreement provides that "Smith shall indemnify Hobam against all claims arising out of breach of contract (other than breach of warranty) and product liability arising from sales or contracts of sale made by Smith prior to June 30, 1962." (Emphasis added) As between Smith and Hobam, this provision leaves no doubt that Smith is to bear ultimate responsibility for any product liability claim assessed against Hobam in regard to equipment manufactured and sold by Smith prior to June, 1962.² The other provisions of the agreement cited by plaintiff do not create material issues of fact arising from any conflict of ambiguity between these provisions and the product liability indemnity provisions of Par. 14.³ I therefore find that the Agreement did not explicitly provide for (or create any issue of material fact concerning) the responsibility of Hobam for any product liability claims arising in regard to equipment manufactured and sold prior to June, 1962. I therefore conclude that pars. 4, 13 and 14 of the agreement did not indicate an intention by Hobam to assume responsibility for product liability claims in regard to equipment manufactured and sold by Smith prior to June, 1962.

III. HOBAM'S HOLDING ITSELF OUT AS THE SMITH COMPANY: THE DUTY TO IMPROVE PRODUCT SAFETY AND NOTIFY PAST PURCHASERS OF SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCT SAFETY

As a second basis for holding Hobam responsible for the damages derived from the accident in question, the plaintiff alleges that from June, 1962 until the time of the accident in 1968, Hobam "represented itself as operating the manufacturing company, John E. Smith Sons and Co., as one of its divisions." Further, according to par. 14 of the Agreement, Hobam assumed responsibility for any expense incurred in the normal servicing and adjusting of machines sold by Smith "even though they may have been sold prior to June 30, 1962." The plaintiff asserts that "there is a duty to continuously test and develop a product safely which attaches to Hobam, Inc. as a seller of machinery products." Because Hobam held itself out as operating the John E. Smith's Sons Co. and continued to manufacture meat grinding equipment, the plaintiff appears to argue that Hobam owed all users of this line of equipment manufactured by the John E. Smith's Sons Co. the duty of reasonable care in testing and developing the safety of products manufactured after June, 1962, and of warning prior purchasers of any defects which subsequent testing disclosed, or at least should have disclosed, between the date of purchase of Smith by Hobam and the time of the accident.

The basic issue presented by this case was considered in Chadwick v. Air Reduction Co., 239 F.Supp. 247 (E.D.Ohio, 1965). In Chadwick, the plaintiff was injured in 1963 by an incubator manufactured and sold in 1952 by the Gordon Armstrong Co. In 1961, Gordon Armstrong sold all its assets to the Air Reduction Company. As a basis for assessing liability against the Air Reduction Company for injury caused by the incubator manufactured by Gordon Armstrong, the plaintiff in Chadwick alleged that "at the time of, and subsequent to, the acquisition of the assets of the Gordon Armstrong Company, the Air Reduction Company had knowledge of other claims against Gordon Armstrong arising out of the defective design of baby incubators." Because of this knowledge the plaintiff contended that the purchasing corporation was under a duty to notify the past purchasers of the incubator of the danger presented by the incubator manufactured and sold by the Gordon Armstrong Company.

In Chadwick, the court stated that the issue presented was "whether a corporation which purchases the assets of another corporation, and as a consequence of purchase becomes aware that the seller corporation had put a negligently designed device into the channels of commerce, is under a duty to warn third persons of its vendor's negligence." 239 F.Supp. at 249. The court noted that in regard to this question neither counsel had cited "any authority directly in point, and independent research has failed to disclose any such decision." (239 F.Supp. at 250)⁴ Finding no authority directly in point, the court nevertheless concluded that the defendant had no duty to warn prior...