Shaw v. Hospital Authority of Cobb County

• Decision Date: 31 March 1980
• Docket Number: No. 77-3436,77-3436
• Citation: Shaw v. Hospital Authority of Cobb County, 614 F.2d 946 (5th Cir. 1980)
• Parties: Dr. Alan SHAW, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The HOSPITAL AUTHORITY OF COBB COUNTY et al., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 946

614 F.2d 946

Dr. Alan SHAW, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The HOSPITAL AUTHORITY OF COBB COUNTY et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 77-3436.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

March 31, 1980.

Ingram, Flournoy, Downey, Cleveland & Still, Richard H. Still, Jr., Marietta, Ga., Werner Strupp, Washington, D. C., for plaintiff-appellant.

Pierre Howard, Jr., for Georgia Podiatry Ass'n.

Helen J. Medlin, Decatur, Ga., amicus curiae.

Sams, Dozier & Glover, A. Harris Adams, Irma B. Glover, Marietta, Ga., for defendants-appellees.

Betty Jane Anderson, American Medical Ass'n, Chicago, Ill., for American Medical Ass'n amicus curiae.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

Before BROWN, HILL and RANDALL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

We affirm for the reasons set forth in the district court's opinion and order of December 31, 1977, attached hereto as an appendix.

APPENDIX

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA

ATLANTA DIVISION

DR. ALAN SHAW )

)

) CIVIL ACTIONS

)

vs. ) NO.18627

) NO.76-991A

)

)

THE HOSPITAL AUTHORITY )

OF COBB COUNTY, ET AL. )

ORDER

Plaintiff, a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery licensed to practice in the State of Georgia, brought these actions for injunctive and declaratory relief against the Hospital Authority of Cobb County, Georgia and its individual members. The jurisdiction of this court is invoked pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 1343(3). The instant actions are presently before this court on: (1) cross-motions for summary judgment in civil action number 76-991A; (2) defendants' motion to dismiss civil action number 18627; and (3) defendants' motion to strike a portion of an affidavit filed in civil action number 76-991A. Before proceeding to the merits of these claims, a relatively brief recapitulation of the procedural history and factual circumstances underlying these actions is warranted.

Plaintiff originally brought civil action number 18627 against the Hospital Authority of Cobb General Hospital (hereinafter the "Authority"), a public hospital constructed with state and federal funds under the Hill-Burton Act, 42 U.S.C. § 291 et seq. Plaintiff argued in essence that he was denied substantive and procedural due process by Cobb General Hospital's by-laws ¹ which define a physician eligible for membership on the staff as one "holding a full practice license (or a duly licensed dentist). ² In addition, plaintiff contended that he was denied equal protection of the law because a certain class of doctors with limited licenses, dentists, were afforded staff privileges while podiatrists were not.

Plaintiff's motion for an ex parte temporary restraining order was denied by this court on July 18, 1973. The temporary and permanent injunction requests were joined for the purposes of a hearing which was held on August 21, 1973. In this court's order of October 24, 1973, we found that the acts of the Hospital Authority as they pertain to the public hospital here in question were state acts subject to the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment. Sosa v. Board of Managers of Val Verde Memorial Hospital, 437 F.2d 173 (5th Cir. 1971); Foster v. Mobile County Hospital Board, 398 F.2d 227 (5th Cir. 1968). However, we also held that each of plaintiff's claims were without merit and accordingly dismissed the action.

Plaintiff appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit which vacated our order and remanded the action for further proceedings not inconsistent with its opinion. The majority opinion written by Judge Bell for a panel of the Court of Appeals agreed with this court's determination that plaintiff's equal protection claim had no merit. ³ Specifically, the Court of Appeals concluded that the class which plaintiff advocated consisting on one hand of full practice physicians and dentists and on the other of podiatrists

is too large to be meaningful and we are unable to equate the various branches of the healing arts which would necessarily be included. Therefore, we reject appellant's equal protection claim. The facts simply do not make out a case of persons similarly situated within the equal protection clause treatment requirement" that all persons similarly circumstanced shall be treated alike" (citations omitted).

Shaw v. Hospital Authority of Cobb County, supra, at 628.

With respect to plaintiff's due process arguments, the Court of Appeals clearly held that plaintiff had been deprived of and was now entitled to procedural due process consisting of a hearing before both the Medical-Dental Staff (hereinafter the "Staff") and the Hospital Authority ⁴ which would be conducted upon the proper legal standard, i. e. plaintiff's liberty interest. In somewhat more careful terms the Court of Appeals intimated in footnote 2 of its opinion that regardless of how plaintiff's claim was characterized, compare Woodbury v. McKinnon, 447 F.2d 839 (5th Cir. 1971) with Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972), the essential inquiry concerned whether Dr. Shaw had a liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Shaw v. Hospital Authority of Cobb County, supra at footnote 2. This language is somewhat disturbing in that the Court of Appeals had already found a liberty interest of sufficient dimension to trigger procedural due process safeguards. Therefore, plaintiff's substantive due process claim would appear to turn upon the breadth rather than the existence of a liberty interest. In any event, Judge Brown's concurring opinion fleshes out footnote 2 by commenting that "in the procedural due process hearing, the intrinsic reasonableness of the regulation is the principal matter for inquiry." Id. at 629.

Since plaintiff was afforded a hearing before the Staff and the Authority subsequent to the Court of Appeals mandate, we believe our responsibility entails: (1) examining the "procedural due process hearing" to determine whether it comported with the appellate mandate; and (2) deciding whether the Authority properly determined that the regulations in question are rationally based and reasonably related to a legitimate state purpose. See Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 89 S.Ct. 1322, 22 L.Ed.2d 600 (1969); Cf. Hayman v. Galveston, 273 U.S. 414, 47 S.Ct. 363, 71 L.Ed. 714 (1927). However, one preliminary matter deserves more immediate attention.

DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS

Defendants' motion to dismiss civil action number 76-991A (hereinafter "Shaw II ") is based upon the "pendency" of a previous action, civil action number 18627 (hereinafter "Shaw I "). Defendant argues in essence that Shaw I was remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with the Court of Appeals' opinion and is still pending before this court. Apparently the Clerk of this Court is of essentially the same opinion because Shaw I is still numbered among the open files. Plaintiff in turn argues that the Court of Appeals vacated Shaw I and remanded the action to the Authority and Staff rather than to this court, thereby necessitating the filing of a new civil action upon completion of the administrative process. Although the judgment entered in Shaw I by the Court of Appeals states that the action was remanded to this court, we believe that it is in error because the appellate court clearly envisioned further administrative proceedings. In any event, the parties essentially agree that Shaw I and Shaw II encompass the same issues and should not both be presently pending before this court. Therefore, we concur in plaintiff's view that Shaw I should be closed yet subject to judicial notice by this court.

Accordingly, for the reasons hereinabove expressed, Shaw v. The Hospital Authority of Cobb County, C.A. No. 18627 is hereby ORDERED to be DISMISSED. ⁵

CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Plaintiff argues that the Staff and Authority failed to comply with the appellate mandate by providing plaintiff with a procedural due process hearing directed to his underlying "liberty interest." Defendant in turn argues that plaintiff's liberty interest need only be considered at the outset in order to determine whether plaintiff is entitled to a procedural due process hearing and that it has little residual vitality in substantive due process terms. In any event, defendants argue that the hearing held before the Staff and the Authority were full and fair and therefore pretermitted the substantive due process issue.

It is clear in the first instance that plaintiff has a "liberty interest" of some dimension emanating from his state created right to practice podiatry. See generally, Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1973). However, that state created right does not in and of itself confer an absolute constitutional right upon plaintiff to practice at a public facility such as Cobb General Hospital. Hayman v. Galveston, 273 U.S. 414, 47 S.Ct. 363, 71 L.Ed. 714 (1927); Sosa v. Board of Managers, 437 F.2d 173 (5th Cir. 1971). Instead that liberty interest dictates that plaintiff's rights may only be restricted upon a showing that: (1) he was given an adequate procedural due process hearing; and (2) any decision to abridge plaintiff's liberty interest was grounded upon a rational basis designed to further a legitimate state interest. See Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 89 S.Ct. 1322, 22 L.Ed.2d 600 (1969). Regardless of how the latter issue is characterized, it is clear that the essential inquiry concerns the reasonableness of the restriction imposed by the state instrumentality. Shaw v. Hospital Authority of Cobb County, supra.

In general, the form of a procedural due process hearing is judged by a flexible standard which expands and contracts according to the nature of the interest in question. Board of Regents v. Roth, supra, Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972); Woodbury v. McKinnon, 447 F.2d 839 (5th Cir. 1971)....