Sheary v. U.S. Parole Com'n, 87-1068

• Citation: 822 F.2d 556
• Decision Date: 28 July 1987
• Docket Number: No. 87-1068,87-1068
• Parties: Paul Michael SHEARY, Petitioner-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES PAROLE COMMISSION, Respondent-Appellee. Summary Calendar.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)

Page 556

822 F.2d 556

Paul Michael SHEARY, Petitioner-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES PAROLE COMMISSION, Respondent-Appellee.

No. 87-1068

Summary Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

July 28, 1987.

Paul Michael Sheary, pro se.

Mark M. Greenberg, Asst. U.S. Atty., Helen M. Eversberg, U.S. Atty., El Paso, Tex., for respondent-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.

Before GEE, JOLLY, and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judges.

GEE, Circuit Judge:

In October 1982 appellant Sheary was convicted by a jury of conspiring to possess and possessing 17,000 pounds of marijuana with intent to distribute. He was sentenced to a total of six years imprisonment, to be followed by a special parole term of fifteen years. After appealing his conviction without success, he entered prison. The Parole Commission has now denied his application for parole, rating his offense behavior as Category Six severity and concluding that he should serve between 40 and 52 months of his sentence before being released. He then filed a petition for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2241. The petition was denied, he appeals, and we affirm.

Sheary presented three claims in his habeas petition. First, he alleged that in applying guidelines adopted after his offense the Parole Commission denied him the protection of the ex post facto clause, U.S. Const. Art. 1 Sec. 9. He also challenged the Parole Commission's finding that his offense should be classified as Category Six severity. Finally, he argued that his due process rights were violated when a codefendant whose status was "nearly identical" to his own, received a less severe rating. None of these claims has merit.

Ex Post Facto Clause

Sheary first points out that at the time of his crime the applicable Parole Commission regulation listed possession of more than 20,000 pounds of marijuana with intent to distribute as an offense of "very high" severity, carrying a minimum indicated period of 24-36 months before release. 28 C.F.R. Sec. 2.20 (1982). By contrast, at the time he applied for parole in 1983, the same offense had been categorized as "Category Six" severity and had a minimum period before release of 40-52 months. 28 C.F.R. Sec. 2.20 (1983). He claims that being subjected to the more burdensome guidelines violates the ex post facto clause, which prohibits laws that make the punishment for a crime more burdensome than it was when the crime was committed. See Dobbert v. Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 292, 97 S.Ct. 2290, 2297, 53 L.Ed.2d 344 (1977).

We have squarely held that "[t]here is no ex post facto violation in retroactive application of the [Parole Commission] guidelines. See Graham v. United States Parole Commission, 629 F.2d 1040, 1043 (5th Cir.1980)." Stroud v. United States Parole Commission, 668 F.2d 843, 847 (5th Cir.1982). In Graham the Court had stated that "[a]lthough changes in [a] statute or ... regulations that are procedural or remedial in nature apply retroactively, ... 'official po[s]t-sentence action that delays eligibility for supervised release runs afoul of the ex post facto proscription.' " Graham, 629 F.2d at 1043 (quoting Shepard v. Taylor, 556 F.2d 648, 654 (2d Cir.1977)).

Sheary asserts that the changes in question had the effect of delaying his parole and are therefore substantive and consequently violate the rule articulated in Graham. The Eleventh Circuit, also bound to apply Graham as precedent, see Bonner v. City of Prichard, Ala., 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), has been confronted with a situation virtually identical to Sheary's, one in which a prisoner challenged a less favorable severity rating imposed in the basis of a guideline implemented after the commission of the crime. Dufresne v. Baer, 744 F.2d 1543 (11th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 817, 106 S.Ct. 61, 88 L.Ed.2d 49 (1985). The court distinguished Graham by stating that it applied to a different parole regulation, 28 C.F.R. Sec. 2.14a, and dealt "with curtailed parole eligibility." Id. at 1550 n. 21. The court further stated that the parole guidelines in 28 C.F.R. Sec. 2.20 do not affect a prisoner's eligibility which "is determined by the sentence imposed by the trial court." Id. The court concluded that there was no violation of the ex post facto clause, and we agree.

In addition, it is most dubious that parole guidelines are to be viewed as "laws." See, e.g. Stroud v. United States Parole Commission, 668 F.2d 843 (5th Cir.1982); and Wallace v. Christensen, 802 F.2d 1539, 1553 (9th Cir.1986) (en banc); Forman v. McCall, 776 F.2d at 1159 n. 3 With the single exception of the Third Circuit, which has expressed unease with its own rule, no Court of Appeals has held that the parole guidelines are laws, and thus can violate the ex post facto clause. Forman v. McCall, 776 F.2d 1156, 1159 and n. 3 (3d Cir.1985), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct. 1981, 90 L.Ed.2d 663 (1986). We decline to do so.

Category Six Classification

Sheary challenges the Parole Commission's decision to classify his offense as being of Category Six severity. He first asserts that it was improper for the Parole Commission to consider anything other than the marijuana included in the charged offense, 17,000 pounds, in determining the severity of his classification. In an alternative argument, he asserts that there was insufficient evidence to justify a finding that he was involved with more than 20,000 pounds of marijuana. Neither claim has merit. Moreover, the Commission was not required to find that Sheary's offense behavior involved more than 20,000 pounds of marijuana before classifying his offense as being of Category Six severity. The Parole Commission guidelines provide instructions for rating the severity of various "offense behaviors." 28 C.F.R. Sec. 2.20(d). Where circumstances warrant, a decision outside the guidelines may be appropriate. Id.

The Commission has broad discretion in setting a release time for a prisoner. Indeed, a Commission decision in this regard can only be set aside if it is " 'flagrant, unwarranted, or unauthorized.' " Young v. United States Parole Commission, 682 F.2d 1105, 1108 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1021, 103 S.Ct. 387, 74 L.Ed.2d 517 (1982) (quoting Page v. United States Parole Commission, 651 F.2d 1083, 1085 (5th Cir.1981)).

Sheary argues that there was insufficient evidence to support the Commission's finding that his "offense behavior" involved more than 20,000 pounds of marijuana. However, he has failed to show that the decision to credit evidence that there was more than 20,000 pounds involved was flagrant, unwarranted, or unauthorized. Evidence was presented to the Commission indicating that the total amount of marijuana seized in the incident that led to Sheary's arrest was 19,000 pounds and had a value of over five million dollars. The same report also provides evidence that Sheary was involved with 7,000 pounds of marijuana in a separate transaction less...