Sherman v. Quinn

• Decision Date: 03 January 2012
• Docket Number: Nos. 10–3722,10–3925.,s. 10–3722
• Citation: 668 F.3d 421
• Parties: Robert SHERMAN, Plaintiff–Appellant/Cross–Appellee, v. Patrick QUINN, in his official capacity as Governor of the State of Illinois, et al., Defendants–Appellees/Cross–Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

668 F.3d 421

Robert SHERMAN, Plaintiff–Appellant/Cross–Appellee,

v.Patrick QUINN, in his official capacity as Governor of the State of Illinois, et al., Defendants–Appellees/Cross–Appellants.

Nos. 10–3722

10–3925.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued Sept. 9, 2011.Decided Jan. 3, 2012.

Richard J. Whitney (argued), Attorney, Carbondale, IL, for Plaintiff–Appellant/Cross–Appellee.

Rachel A. Murphy (argued), Attorney, Office of the Attorney General, Civil Appeals Division, Chicago, IL, for Defendants–Appellees/Cross–Appellants.

Before CUDAHY, POSNER, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.

Robert Sherman challenges certain portions of Illinois Public Act 96–39, also known as the 2009 “Illinois Jobs Now!” capital bill. He alleges that certain line item appropriations made through the legislation improperly fund grants to religious organizations in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Because we find that the district court abused its discretion in granting Sherman an extension to file his notice of appeal, we dismiss his appeal for lack of jurisdiction, and the defendants-appellees' cross-appeal as moot.

I. BACKGROUND

On April 7, 2010, Robert Sherman filed a seven-count complaint in the district court seeking injunctive relief against Patrick Quinn, sued in his official capacity as Governor of the State of Illinois, Warren Ribley, sued in his official capacity as Director of the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity (the “Department”), and Daniel W. Hynes, sued in his official capacity as Comptroller of the State of Illinois. The complaint challenged certain appropriations made under Public Act 96–39, generally known as the 2009 “Illinois Jobs Now!” capital bill. The capital bill included line item appropriations to funds from the Build Illinois Bond Fund (established in 1985, see 30 ILCS 425/9 (2008)) to the Department for grants to thousands of not-for-profit organizations and local governments for capital construction, infrastructure, improvement, and repair costs.

Sherman challenged an appropriation made to Governor Quinn for discretionary spending as well as 155 of the line item appropriations that fund grants to religious organizations, arguing that such appropriations violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment and Illinois state law. The line item appropriations in capital bill, for example, provided that $75,000 be appropriated from the Build Illinois Bond Fund to the Department “for a grant to the Union Missionary Baptist Church for costs associated with capital improvements,” that $140,000 be appropriated for a grant “for general infrastructure at St. Martin de Porres Church,” and that $225,000 be appropriated for a grant to the Chicago Chesed Fund “for costs associated with capital improvements.” ¹

The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the Eleventh Amendment barred Sherman's state law claims, that Sherman lacked standing to challenge the discretionary appropriation to the Governor, and that the complaint failed to state a claim that the line item appropriations violated the Establishment Clause either as applied or on their face. Sherman responded to the motion, and also asked that, if the court determined that his complaint failed to state a claim regarding the line item appropriations, he be given leave to amend the complaint to add additional facts.

On August 6, 2010, the district court entered an order granting the defendants' motion to dismiss and denying Sherman's request for leave to file an amended complaint. The court agreed with the defendants that the Eleventh Amendment barred Sherman's state law claims, that Sherman lacked standing to challenge the discretionary appropriation to the Governor, and that the complaint failed to state an as-applied challenge to the line item appropriations because the funds had not yet been dispersed. The court also found that the complaint failed to state a claim that the line item appropriations were facially invalid, applying the test set forth in Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 91 S.Ct. 2105, 29 L.Ed.2d 745 (1971).

On September 13, 2010, Sherman filed a motion to reconsider and amend the judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), arguing that grants to the explicitly sectarian organizations, such as the church grantees, could not possibly be used for secular purposes. On October 14, 2010, the district court entered an order denying Sherman's motion.

The thirty-day period for Sherman to file his notice of appeal under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1)(A) expired on November 15, 2010. On November 16, 2010, Sherman filed a motion to extend the time to file his notice of appeal under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(5), which allows the district court to grant an extension upon a showing of “excusable neglect or good cause” if the motion is filed within thirty days after the time to appeal the judgment has run. Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(5)(A)(ii). Sherman argued that the “good cause” standard applied, and that he met such a standard. Sherman's counsel attached to the motion an affidavit, in which counsel stated that the deadline for filing the notice to appeal “slipped through the cracks” due to the demands on his time from his ballot-qualified candidacy for Governor of Illinois in the November 2010 general election. Counsel stated that the demands of the run “completely overwhelmed my capacity to complete all tasks before me,” and that between the November 2, 2010 election and the filing of the motion on November 16, he was “focused on catching up on numerous cases that had to be continued, put on hold or otherwise delayed.” He stated that his difficulties were “compounded by the fact that I have been working without a legal assistant of any kind.” Though counsel recognized that his candidacy was voluntary, he argued that it “constitutes an important civic function.”

Before the defendants objected, the district court granted Sherman's motion on November 17, 2010 (without explanation), and extended the time to file a notice of appeal to November 19, 2010. On that date, Sherman filed a notice of appeal of the court's August 16 and October 14 orders. On November 30, 2010, the defendants filed a motion for reconsideration of the district court's November 17 order granting the extension. The defendants argued that Sherman was required to show “excusable neglect,” rather than simply “good cause,” and that counsel's explanation failed to make a showing of excusable neglect. On December 2, 2010, the district court denied the defendants' motion, stating that “[t]he Court has reviewed the Motion, the Memorandum and the Text Order entered November 17, 2010, and finds no manifest errors of law or fact....” On December 17, 2010, the defendants filed a notice of appeal of the court's November 17 and December 2 orders. We consolidated Sherman's appeal with the defendants', and denied defendants' motion to dismiss Sherman's appeal for lack of jurisdiction. The defendants now reassert their challenge to this court's jurisdiction.

II. ANALYSIS

“A timely notice of appeal is a prerequisite to appellate review.” McCarty v. Astrue, 528 F.3d 541, 544 (7th Cir.2008) (citations omitted). In a civil suit in which the United States or its officer or agency is not a party, a notice of appeal must be filed within thirty days from the entry of judgment. 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a); Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). Under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(5), the district court may extend the time to file notice of appeal if a party so moves no later than thirty days after the original deadline for the filing of notice of appeal, and that party shows “excusable neglect or good cause.” As the defendants point out, we had previously stated that “[t]he more lenient standard of good cause” applied only to “requests for extensions of time made prior to the expiration of the thirty-day appeal period.” Parke–Chapley Const. Co. v. Cherrington, 865 F.2d 907, 910 (7th Cir.1989); see also Lorenzen v. Emp. Ret. Plan, 896 F.2d 228, 231 (7th Cir.1990). But the 2002 amendments to the Rule clarified that the distinction is no longer a temporal one. The advisory committee notes to the 2002 amendments state that Rule 4(a)(5)(A)(ii) was amended to correct the misunderstanding of the Rule that separate standards applied based on when the motion was filed. The note states that “[a] motion for an extension filed prior to the expiration of the original deadline may be granted if the movant shows either excusable neglect or good cause. Likewise, a motion ... filed during the 30 days following the expiration of the original deadline may be granted if the movant shows either excusable neglect or good cause.” (Emphasis added). The advisory committee note goes on to state that “[t]he good cause and excusable neglect standards have ‘different domains.’ ” Id. (quoting Lorenzen, 896 F.2d at 232). The relevant question is one of fault, as “[t]he excusable neglect standard applies in situations in which there is fault; in such situations, the need for extension is usually occasioned by something within the control of the movant.” Id. On the other hand, the good cause standard “applies in situations in which there is no fault—excusable or otherwise.” Id. So, for example, if “the Postal Service fails to deliver a notice of appeal, a movant might have good cause” and can still seek an extension under that standard during the thirty days following the expiration of the original deadline. Id. In light of the 2002 amendment to Rule 4(a)(5)(A)(ii), motions filed after the original appeal period expires are no longer subject solely to the excusable neglect standard.

This, however, does not mean that the “good cause” standard applies in this case, given that Sherman's counsel concedes that the events leading to the late filing were in his control, and were his “fault,” (albei...