Shields v. Moffitt

• Decision Date: 26 June 1984
• Docket Number: No. 57980,57980
• Citation: Shields v. Moffitt, 683 P.2d 530 (Okla. 1984)
• Court: Oklahoma Supreme Court
• Parties: Fred C. SHIELDS, Jr., Susan S. Hickox, and Janet S. Price, Appellants, v. W.G. MOFFITT; Energy Trading, Inc., a Delaware Corporation; Energy Reserves Group, Inc.; Sweetwater Minerals of Texas, Inc.; Shelter Petroleum Partnership; George M. Thomas, Jr., O.T. McCall; the First National Bank & Trust Company, Muskogee, Oklahoma; Arch Gilbert, Jr., Harry D. Gibbs; and Global Gas Corporation, Appellees.

Page 530

683 P.2d 530

1984 OK 42

Fred C. SHIELDS, Jr., Susan S. Hickox, and Janet S. Price, Appellants, v. W.G. MOFFITT; Energy Trading, Inc., a Delaware Corporation Energy Reserves Group, Inc.; Sweetwater Minerals of Texas Inc.; Shelter Petroleum Partnership; George M. Thomas Jr., O.T. McCall; the First National Bank & Trust Company Muskogee, Oklahoma; Arch Gilbert, Jr., Harry D. Gibbs; and Global Gas Corporation, Appellees.

No. 57980.

Supreme Court of Oklahoma.

June 26, 1984.

Certiorari to review reversal and remand by Court of Appeals of trial court's determination on motion for summary judgment on plaintiffs' second cause of action in petition that clause in oil and gas lease providing that lease may be assigned only with the written consent of lessors made assignments without the consent of lessors invalid and void, but did not operate to void the lease.

CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS, DIVISION 3.

CERTIORARI PREVIOUSLY GRANTED; OPINION OF COURT OF APPEALS WITHDRAWN; JUDGMENT OF TRIAL COURT REVERSED; JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF APPELLEES AND COUNTER-APPELLEES ON MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION OF THE PETITION GRANTED; REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.

Carl Michael Smith, Oklahoma City, for appellants and counter-appellees.

William P. Warden, Linn & Helms, Oklahoma City, for appellees and counter-appellants.

LAVENDER, Justice:

Fred C. Shields, Jr., Susan S. Hickox and Janet S. Price, plaintiffs below, executed and delivered an oil and gas lease covering two tracts in McIntosh County, Oklahoma providing for a primary term of three years to W.G. Moffitt, one of the defendants below, said lease containing a special clause which provided:

"This lease may be assigned only with the written consent of the lessors."

Thereafter, Moffitt assigned a portion of the lease to a third party assignee without the written consent of the lessors/plaintiffs.

Plaintiffs brought suit against Moffitt and his assignees, the petition consisting of two causes of action. The first cause of action (not involved in this appeal) seeks cancellation of the lease for failure to diligently market or produce gas within a reasonable time after discovery. The second cause of action seeks forfeiture and cancellation of the lease by reason of Moffitt's assignment of portions of the lease without the written consent of lessors in violation of the inserted clause.

Plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment directed to their second cause of action. The trial court granted partial summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs by holding and determining that the assignments by Moffitt and to all assignees claiming under him were invalid and void, and further determined that said invalid and void assignments by Moffitt did not void Moffitt's lease.

Plaintiffs appealed from that portion of the trial court's determination that the assignments determined by the trial court to be void and invalid did not result in a cancellation and termination of Moffitt's lease.

Moffitt and his assigns, together with those holding under the Moffitt assignment filed a counter-appeal, alleging that the special clause is void and of no force and effect.

The Court of Appeals, Division 3, held and determined that the clause is valid and a purported assignment in violation of its terms gives the lessor the right to terminate the lease.

We have heretofore granted certiorari. The opinion of the Court of Appeals is withdrawn and the following substituted in lieu thereof.

We address the question of whether the clause in the oil and gas lease which provides that the lease may be assigned only with the written consent of the lessors constitutes an unlawful restraint on alienation which renders the restrictive clause void.

I.

An "oil and gas lease" under the law of Oklahoma is the hybrid offspring of an intermarriage between real and personal property, an offspring which is neither entirely real nor personal property, yet which bears distinguishing characteristics of both. Its hydra-headed status is summarized in Hinds v. Phillips Petroleum Co. ¹ (pp. 698, 699) in the following language:

"The cluster of rights comprised within an instrument we refer to 'in deference to custom' as an 'oil and gas lease' includes a great variety of common-law interests in land. These fall under the rubric of incorporeal hereditament or profit a prendre. If granted to 'one and his heirs and assigns forever', the interest is in fee. Where, as here, it is limited for a term of years, it is denominated a chattel real. Whatever the name used, the interest represented is one in land, although the lease itself does not operate as a conveyance of any oil or gas in situ but constitutes merely a right to search for and reduce to possession such of these substances as might be found. Rather than a true lease, it is really a grant in praesenti of oil and gas to be captured in the lands described during the term demised and for so long thereafter as these substances may be produced.... Although, as shown, an oil and gas lease creates an interest or estate in realty, it is not deemed per se real estate. In this respect a distinction is recognized in our law between real estate and an estate in real property."

In Hinds, supra, we held that an oil and gas lessee by making a contract with a third party to sell and deliver casinghead gas at the wellhead on the lease premises, thereby effectively transferred to the third party the lessee's lease-granted right to lay pipelines on the demised land. In so holding, we determined that if the exclusive right to extract the minerals is conveyed, such right is divisible and profit a prendre capable of legal existence as a servitued "unattached" to land (in gross), and may be transferred in gross, either in whole or in part, as an estate in real property.

In GYPSY OIL CO. V. COVER, WE SAID (189 P. AT P. 544):² "This Court held in the case of Roach v. Junction Oil & Gas Co. , 179 Pac. 934, 935 [1919], that after gas was found upon the leased premises (within the primary term of the lease) in paying quantities, the lessee became vested with a limited estate in the leased premises for further operations in accordance with the terms of the lease--citing Brennan v. Hunter , 172 Pac. 49 [1918], citing numerous cases."

From the foregoing, we conclude that the holder of an oil and gas lease during the primary term or as extended by production has a base or qualified fee, i.e., an estate in real property having the nature of a fee, but not a fee simple absolute. ³ In NICHOLSON CORPORATION V. FERGUSON, (243 P. AT P. 200)⁴ this Court defined an "estate" in real property as follows: "The degree, quantity, nature and extent of interest, which a person has in real property is usually referred to as an estate. It varies from absolute ownership down to naked possession."

II.

We next consider the nature and the extent of the respective estates which became vested in plaintiffs and in the defendant Moffitt and his assigns as determined by the language in the lease: "This lease may be assigned only with the written consent of the lessors."

It is observed that the quoted clause provides neither penalty, forfeiture, termination, reversion or other consequences inuring to the lessors by reason of Moffit's breach of the purported prohibition against nonconsentual assignment. If the "lease" be construed as granting a qualified fee estate upon a condition subsequent, there is no need for a clause reserving a right of re-entry by plaintiffs in order for plaintiffs to avail themselves of the reversion. Ross v. Sanderson. ⁵ On the other hand, if the interest conveyed was a determinable qualified fee, the absence of a provision for termination inuring to the lessors in the clause restricting assignments negates a possibility of reverter in the form of a retained interest in the leasehold by the plaintiffs. Bonebrake v. McNeill. ⁶

However, as we observed in Bonebrake, supra (272), this Court determined in Kassner v. Alexander Drug Co., ⁷ that by virtue of what is now 60 O.S.1981, § 29, 30 and 40, the "distinctions between deeds on condition subsequent and deeds on conditional limitation are abolished, and all future interests are either reversions or remainders * * * and every remainder 'is to be deemed a conditional limitation' and are alienable."

We therefore conclude that the clause in question in effect either retained a reversionary interest in the plaintiffs/lessors, or it...