Sibley v. Superior Court

• Decision Date: 08 March 1976
• Citation: 128 Cal.Rptr. 34,16 Cal.3d 442,546 P.2d 322
• Parties: , 546 P.2d 322 Harper SIBLEY, Jr., Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY, Respondent; CARLSBERG MOBILE HOME PROPERTIES, LTD.--'72, Real Party in Interest. L.A. 30496.
• Court: California Supreme Court

Page 34

128 Cal.Rptr. 34

16 Cal.3d 442, 546 P.2d 322

Harper SIBLEY, Jr., Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY, Respondent CARLSBERG MOBILE HOME PROPERTIES, LTD.--'72, Real Party in Interest.

L.A. 30496.

Supreme Court of California.

March 8, 1976.

Rehearing Denied April 7, 1976.

Ball, Hunt, Hart, Brown & Baerwitz, John R. McDonough and Howard B. Soloway, way, Beverly Hills, for petitioner.

No appearance for respondent.

Donald L. Stone and Joseph Besnah, Los Angeles, for real party in interest.

RICHARDSON, Justice.

This case presents the question whether California courts may constitutionally assert jurisdiction over a nonresident individual solely by reason of his execution and alleged breach of a guaranty agreement regarding payment of monies owning to a California corporation. We have concluded that, under the circumstances in the present case, the guaranty transaction was not a sufficient basis on which to sustain personal jurisdiction over the nonresident guarantor, and that accordingly his motion to quash service of summons should have been granted.

The real party in interest herein, Carlsberg Mobile Home Properties, Ltd.--'72 (hereafter Carlsberg) is a limited partnership having its principal place of business in California. In December 1973, Carlsberg formed MTA-CMHPL, LTD. (hereafter MTA), a limited partnership, in California. The general partner of MTA is Sunrise Lakes, Inc. (hereafter Sunrise), a Georgia corporation. The purpose of MTA was to operate two mobile home parks in Georgia. Under the MTA partnership agreement, Sunrise promised to make certain monthly payments to Carlsberg. Petitioner Harper Sibley, a Florida resident, was one of three guarantors of Sunrise's performance of the MTA partnership agreement.

In December 1974, Carlsberg brought an action in California against petitioner and others alleging breach of the partnership agreement by Sunrise and breach of the guaranty by petitioner and others. Petitioner was served by certified mail in Florida, made a special appearance in California, and pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 418.10, subdivision (a)(1), moved for an order to quash service of summons for lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court denied the motion and petitioner seeks mandate to review and set aside the trial court's order. (See Code Civ.Proc., § 418.10, subd. (c).)

Petitioner contends that Carlsberg has failed to meet its initial burden of showing that petitioner has the requisite minimum contacts with the State of California to justify California's assertion of jurisdiction over him. (See Buckeye Boiler Co. v. Superior Court (1969) 71 Cal.2d 893, 905, fn. 9, 80 Cal.Rptr. 113, 458 P.2d 57; Arneson v. Raymond Lee Organization, Inc. (1973) 31 Cal.App.3d 991, 995, 107 Cal.Rptr. 744.) We agree.

Petitioner was not a party to the MTA partnership agreement and took no part in its negotiation. His only connection with the transaction apparent from the record was as guarantor of the performance of a Georgia corporation. Petitioner signed the guaranty agreement in Florida and delivered it to another defendant, Peter Thun, who then took it to California. As indicated, petitioner is a resident of Florida; he has never been a resident of California, does not own any real or personal property in this state, and does not have any business interests or relations with California except as trustee of a testamentary trust owning property in Cambria, California. Sibley has not been physically present in this state since January 1973, when he was here in connection with a matter unrelated to the transactions before us.

Under Code of Civil Procedure section 410.10, a California court may exercise jurisdiction over nonresidents on any basis not inconsistent with the United States or California Constitutions. This section manifests an intent to exercise the broadest possible jurisdiction, limited only by constitutional considerations. (Buckeye Boiler Co. v. Superior Court, supra, 71 Cal.2d 893 at p. 898, 80 Cal.Rptr. 113, 458 P.2d 57; Quattrone v. Superior Court (1975) 44 Cal.App.3d 296, 302, 118 Cal.Rptr. 548.) As a general constitutional principle, a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident individual so long as he has such minimal contacts with the state that '. . . the maintenance of the suit does not offend 'traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. '' (International Shoe Co. v. Washington (1945) 326 U.S. 310, 316--317, 66 S.Ct. 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95, 102 citations omitted; Cornelison v. Chaney, 16 Cal.3d 143, 127 Cal.Rptr. 352, 545 P.2d 264.)

One of the recognized bases for jurisdiction in California arises when the defendant has caused an 'effect' in the state by an act or omission which occurs elsewhere. (Quattrone v. Superior Court, supra, 44 Cal.App.3d 296 at p. 303, 118 Cal.Rptr. 458; see also McGee v. International Life Ins. Co. (1957) 355 U.S. 220, 78 S.Ct. 199, 2 L.Ed.2d 223.) This ground for assertion of jurisdiction is discussed by the Judicial Council in its comment to section 410.10 of the Code of Civil Procedure reprinted in West's Annotated California Codes, page 472, in the following language: 'A state has power to exercise judicial jurisdiction over an individual who causes effects in the state by an omission or act done elsewhere with respect to cause of action arising from these effects, Unless the nature of the effects and of the individual's relationship to the state make the exercise of such jurisdiction unreasonable. (Citations.) When jurisdiction over an individual is based solely upon such act or omission, only a claim for relief arising from such act or omission may be asserted against the individual. (Citation.)' (Italics added.)

Evidence was presented at the hearing on petitioner's motion to quash that the guaranty which petitioner executed induced Carlsberg, a California corporation, to enter into MTA, a new California limited partnership, and that Carlsberg would not have performed the MTA agreement without petitioner's guaranty. On this basis, despite petitioner's contrary assertions, the trial court could reasonably infer that the signing of the guaranty in Florida both was intended to cause and did cause an effect in California. In addition, it appears that the performance guaranteed by petitioner was the payment of certain moneys to a partnership located in California; thus, petitioner could have anticipated that the failure of this performance would have a further effect in California.

The mere causing of an 'effect' in California, however, as acknowledged in the Judicial Council comment quoted above, is not necessarily sufficient to afford a constitutional basis for jurisdiction; notwithstanding this 'effect,' the imposition of jurisdiction may be 'unreasonable.' As was held in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, supra, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95, a suit may not be maintained where jurisdiction offends "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." (Id., at pp. 316--317, 66 S.Ct. at p. 158, 90 L.Ed. at p. 102, citations omitted.)

Subsequent to International Shoe, the federal Supreme Court has amplified the standard by which to determine whether imposition of jurisdiction is constitutionally 'unreasonable.' In Hanson v. Denckla (1958) 357 U.S. 235, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283, for example, the high court held that in those cases in which jurisdiction is sought on the basis of defendant's occasional activities, '. . . it is essential in each case that there be some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.' (Id., at p. 253, 78 S.Ct. at p. 1240, 2 L.Ed.2d at p. 1298.) In Buckeye Boiler, supra, we reaffirmed the necessity for such an inquiry and asked the additional question whether, considering defendant's activity, extension of jurisdiction over him would be 'fair.'

In the present case, the record fails to disclose that petitioner purposefully availed himself of the privilege of conducting business in California or of the benefits and protections of California laws. Likewise, the record does not indicate that petitioner anticipated that he would derive any economic benefit as a result of his guaranty. Although petitioner may have reasonably foreseen that his execution or breach of the guaranty agreement would have some impact in this state, it does not appear that plaintiff Carlsberg assumed any obligations to petitioner which he might have sought to enforce in California. In this regard, petitioner's contacts with California seem even more minimal than those present in Belmont Industries, Inc. v. Superior Court (1973) 31 Cal.App.3d 281, 107 Cal.Rptr. 237 (hg. den.), in which jurisdiction was found to be unreasonable; unlike the present case, in Belmont, the nonresident defendant, which had negotiated and contracted with a California corporation for the purchase of certain drafting services, could have sought to enforce its contract in the California courts.

The present case is distinguishable from those recent California cases upholding jurisdiction over nonresident defendants who seek or obtain significant benefits from this activity in California. For example, in Buckeye Boiler Co. v. Superior Court, supra, substantial business was generated in this state which benefitted the party over which jurisdiction was sought; in Michigan Nat. Bank v. Superior Court (1972) 23 Cal.App.3d 1, 99 Cal.Rptr. 823, goods purchased in California were financed by the nonresident defendant; in National Life of Florida Corp. v. Superior Court (1971) 21 Cal.App.3d 281, 98 Cal.Rptr....